Пища для ума - Food for thought. Коломейцева Е.М - 19 стр.

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Crosspollination concerns
Some critics have raised the concern that conventionally bred crop plants can be cross-pollinated (bred) from the pollen of
modified plants. Pollen can be dispersed over large areas by wind, animals, and insects. Recent research with
creeping bentgrass
has
lent support to the concern when modified genes were found in normal grass up to 21 km (13 miles) away from the source, and also
within close relatives of the same genus (
Agrostis
). GM proponents point out that
outcrossing
, as this process is known, is not new.
The same thing happens with any new open-pollinated crop variety–newly introduced traits can potentially cross out into
neighbouring crop plants of the same species and, in some cases, to closely related wild relatives. Defenders of GM technology point
out that each GM crop is assessed on a case by case basis to determine if there is any risk associated with the outcrossing of the GM
trait into wild plant populations. The fact that a GM plant may outcross with a related wild relative is not, in itself, a risk unless such
an occurrence has consequences. If, for example, a herbicide resistance trait was to cross into a wild relative of a crop plant it can be
predicted that this would not have any consequences except in areas where herbicides are sprayed, such as a farm. In such a setting the
farmer can manage this risk by rotating herbicides.
E x e r c i s e S i x
. Read the article and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. The American population is not interested in their food calories.
2. Fat-free products lead to overweight.
3. Sugar is as useful as fat.
4. Dietary guidelines attract many consumers.
5. Replacement shakes are healthy.
Fat Substitutes Are Deceptive Cure-All for American Waistlines
We're all familiar with slogans such as "low-calorie" and "sugar-free." But those are phrases of the past. These days it's hard to
walk down a supermarket aisle and not notice America's fixation, perhaps even obsession, with fat. It is a game of how little fat one
can ingest while still enjoying all those snack-time favorites. In today's market of “nonfat" and "zero fat," it is even questionable
whether products offering modest "low-fat" slogans can remain contenders. But how long can this fat- free frenzy hold its grip on the
American population?
Waistlines have continued to grow even in an intense era of fat watching. A 1994 study published in the
Journal of American
Medical Association
showed that one-third of adults were overweight between 1988 and 1991. In previous years, those figures held
steady at one-quarter of the population. Despite America's current fixation on fat, Maureen Pestine, Northwestern campus nutritionist,
said sugar may return as the focus of people's health in the future. "My big concern is that people are eating all these fat-free products
thinking this is a way to lose weight," Pestine said. "Generally, the fat-free products have more sugar." Unfortunately, these empty
calories are a culprit of weight gain. "I don't think the companies see it as a problem," Pestine said. "They think, 'Let's get rid of all the
fat and give them all the sugar.' Fat leads to satiety, a feeling of satisfaction. Without it, people tend to feel less full and often eat more
as a result. This leads to trouble for some people. "They think they can eat a whole box of fat-free somethings," Pestine said.
Current dietary guidelines issued by the American Dietetic Association call for a diet moderate in sugar that includes plenty of
grain products, vegetables, and fruits. Making broader food choices, focusing on proportionality and balancing food with physical
activity are additional suggestions. But such guidelines lack the magical, cure-all appeal Americans desire.
Dan Henroid, a dietitian for Evanston Hospital, sees a future trend in the increasing popularity of meal-replacement shakes.
Boost, a shake made by Mead Johnson, is specifically marketed for people under 30. The availability of replacement shakes has risen,
but consumers should be cautious, Henroid said. "1 don't necessarily view that as a good trend," he said. "Taking time to prepare a
balanced meal is a preferred option."
E x e r c i s e S e v e n
. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Olestra, Proctor and Gamble's brand of the fat replacer olean, 1. _____ recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
Though not available in products currently 2. _____ the market and only appearing in test markets this fall, Olestra may 3. _____ the
trend of the future. Without sacrificing taste, Olestra allows consumers to cut 4. _____ on fat and calories and satisfy their urge to
crunch 5. _____ the same time. Its additional fatty acids make Olestra 6. _____ large to be digested or absorbed, so instead, it passes
directly 7. _____ the body. For example, a regular I-ounce bag 8. _____ chips containing 10 grams of fat and 150 calories would
9. _____ 0 grams of fat and only 70 calories with Olestra. Same taste. No guilt. Certainly there must 10. _____ a catch.
E x e r c i s e E i g h t
. Read the text below, some sentences are correct and there is an extra word in some of them, find the
mistakes.
1. More than 100 tests have been performed on Olestra in over the past 25 years.
2. In high quantities, consumers may be experience abdominal cramps or loose stools.
3. A decrease in the absorption of karotenoids and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K from such other foods can also occur.
4. While Olestra may appear to be a quick solution, some might use it as another excuse to jump up on the fat-free bandwagon.
5. Olestra may eliminate fat grams, but consumers must remain on the lookout for so lingering calories.
6. Henroid sees bio-engineered foods as very prominent in the nutrition world of the future.
7. Among the pioneers of these foods is Monsanto, a national company is based in St. Louis.
8. That currently offers a so slow-ripening, cross-bred tomato.

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