Пища для ума - Food for thought. Коломейцева Е.М - 53 стр.

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In a recent review of prospective studies investigating the effects of
trans
fatty acids on cardiovascular disease risk, a 2 %
increase in energy intake from trans fatty acids was associated with a 23 % increase in the incidence of coronary heart disease. The
authors also reported that the adverse effects of
trans
fatty acids were observed even at very low intakes (3 % of total daily energy
intake, or about 2…7 g per day). (Mozaffarian
et al
. 2006).
However, in this recent review it is only
trans
fatty acids produced during the hardening of vegetable oils that are found to be
harmful to health. The public health implications of consuming
trans
fatty acids from ruminant products are considered to be
relatively limited.
What is the current intake in the UK?
Over the past decade, population intakes of
trans
fatty acids have fallen and are now, on average, well below the recommended
2 % of total energy set by the Department of Health in 1991, at 1.2 % of energy (Henderson
et al
. 2003). This is not to say that intakes
of
trans
fatty acids are not still a problem, and dietary advice states that those individuals who are in the top end of the distribution of
intake should still make efforts to reduce their intakes.
Labelling of
trans
fatty acids
Currently,
trans
fatty acids in foods are labelled in the USA, but not in the UK and Europe. The UK Food Standards Agency
(FSA) is in favour of the revision of the European directive that governs the content and format of nutrition labels in the UK (and the
rest of Europe), so that
trans
fatty acids are labelled. This should enable consumers to make healthier food choices with regard to heart
health (Clarke & Lewington 2006).
E x e r c i s e O n e
. Read the article below and choose the best word to fill each gap.
Recent changes in food manufacturing
Recognising the (adverse / harmful / ill) health effects of
trans
fatty acids, many food manufacturers and retailers have been
systematically removing them from their products in recent years. For example, they have been absent from major brands of fat
spreads for some time, which are now (built / manufactured / done) using a different technique. Also, many companies now have
(guidelines / rules / regulations) in place that are resulting in reformulation and reduction or elimination of
trans
fatty acids in
products where they have in the past been (found / given / shown) such as snack products, fried products and baked goods.
For example, we understand that the frying and coating oils used for manufacturing the vast majority of packeted savory snacks
in the UK do not (contain / give / consist) partially hydrogenated oils. Similarly, changes are being made to the way bakery products
are (manufactured / created / done). For example, a leading European manufacturer of major brands of biscuits, cakes and snacks in
the UK, has recently announced that these are now made (without / by / of) partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, a transition that
began in 2004. Alongside these changes, content of saturates has also been reduced. A major technical challenge in achieving
reformulation is to (avoid / prevent / do) simply exchanging
trans
fatty acids for saturated fatty acids, which also have adverse health
effects.
E x e r c i s e T w o
. Read the article and choose the best beginning from the given below to fill each of the gaps.
A. However, this does not mean;
B. Foods that are labeled;
C. However, it is important to note;
D. A simple way to reduce;
E. The table in the attachment.
Limiting intake of
trans
fatty acids
1. _____ as containing partially-hydrogenated oils or fats are a source of
trans
fatty acids (note that sometimes ‘partially-
hydrogenated’ fats are just labelled as ‘hydrogenated’ fats). These foods include hard margarines, some fried products and some
manufactured bakery products
e.g.
biscuits, pastries and cakes (containing partially-hydrogenated oils).
2. _____
trans
intake is to follow general healthy eating advice – cut down on fried foods, high fat snacks and high fat baked
goods. When buying fat-containing foods, look for ones labelled with a high content of monounsaturates and/or polyunsaturates.
3. _____ below shows the foods that contributed to
trans
fatty acid intake in the UK in 2000/2001, when the fieldwork for the
most recent National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) was undertaken.
4. _____ that these statistics may well have changed in the light of reformulation of foods that has taken place over the past 6
years in the UK, as referred to earlier, and total
trans
intake may have continued to decline. Furthermore, the average intake of
trans
fatty acids is lower in the UK than in the USA (where legislation has now been introduced) and is well below the recommendation set
by the Department.
5. _____ there is room for complacency as the intake in some sectors of the population (with high intakes of fried foods and
some types of snacks and baked goods) is known to be higher than recommended and should be reduced.
E x e r c i s e T h r e e
. Read the article below and answer the questions:
1. Why have the omega-3-fatty acids been associated with heart protection?
2. Why does the Government advise eating fish twice a week?
3. Why are Average intakes of omega-3-fatty acids very low?
4. What paper did the BMJ publish?

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