Пища для ума - Food for thought. Коломейцева Е.М - 54 стр.

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5. What was the authors’ conclusion?
BMJ Study on Risks and Benefits of Omega-3-Fats
Background
The omega 3 fatty acids found in fish oils have been associated with protection against heart disease. This is because they are
thought to lower blood pressure and heart rate; reduce the tendency of the blood to clot, incidence of irregular heart rates (arrythmias)
and inflammation; and improve insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Because of this, the Government advise that we include
oily fish in the diet, and that we eat 2 portions of fish each week, at least one of which should be oily. They have imposed a limit for
young women and girls of 2 portions of oily fish each week because the environmental contaminants found in fish might be harmful
to a developing baby if the woman becomes pregnant. Men, boys and women past child-bearing age can safely eat up to 4 portions per
week.
Average intakes of omega-3 fatty acids in this country are very low. This is because we are currently eating, on average, only a
third of a portion of oily fish each week.
A paper published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) (Hooper
et al
. 2006) reviewed 48 randomized controlled trials and 41
cohort studies investigating the effect of omega-3 intake for at least 6 months in adults (both healthy and those with some form of
cardiovascular disease risk factor) on cardiovascular disease outcomes.
Pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of a reduced risk of:
* Total mortality (Relative Risk 0.87, 95 % Confidence Interval 0.73 – 1.03).
* Cardiovascular disease events (RR 1.09, 95 % CI 0.87 – 1.04).
* Cancer (RR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.88 – 1.30).
The authors concluded that ‘long chain and shorter chain omega-3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined
cardiovascular disease events or cancer’.
E x e r c i s e Fo u r
. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Comments on the Study
The BMJ study published today conducted a meta-analysis 1. _____89 trials that have investigated omega 3 intakes and
cardiovascular disease and cancer. A meta-analysis 2. _____ a type of statistical study that combines the findings from many different
trials and calculates an overall level of effect. The results from the BMJ study suggest that there is no benefit 3. _____ consuming
omega-3-fats (both from oily fish and from supplements) in terms of preventing cardiovascular disease. This is contrary
4. _____ other published studies.
However, the findings of the BMJ meta-analysis appear to have been influenced 5. _____ the inclusion of one large trial
including over 3000 men with angina. This study reported an unexpected 29 % increase 6. _____ cardiovascular disease events in the
men taking the omega-3 supplements (Burr
et al
. 2003). The authors acknowledge this and suggest a number 7. _____ explanations to
this unexpected finding, including the type of volunteers recruited (i.e. men with angina) and the way 8. _____ which the study was
conducted. By including this trial in the analysis, the size and significance of the overall effect of omega-3-fatty acids 9. _____ heart
health may have been affected.
There has been a lot of interest 10. _____ the study as, on the face of it, it appears to contradict Government advice 11. _____ a
healthy diet. However, as the majority of studies report a beneficial effect of oily fish in healthy individuals, there is no need
12. _____ the majority of the population to exclude either oily fish, or fish oil supplements from their diets or alter the Government
recommendation 13. _____ this time. There may now be questions regarding the inclusion of high doses of fish oils in the diets of
heart patients and a thorough review of the literature is required 14. _____ making dietary recommendations to this population group.
E x e r c i s e F i v e
. Read the article below, there is an extra word in some sentences, find the mistakes.
* The FSA Board has been agreed to advise UK Ministers that there should be voluntary action by manufacturers in the UK to
remove the following colours from food and drink products by 2009:
Sunset yellow (E110)
Quinoline yellow (E104)
Carmoisine (E122)
Allura red (E129)
Tartrazine (E102)
Ponceau 4R (E124)
* The Board decision does not mean to that there is an immediate ban on the use of the six colours in food and drink products.
* A significant part of the UK food industry is just already moving away from the use of artificial food colours in response to
consumer demand.
* In the meantime, parents of children showing signs of hyperactivity are advised for that cutting certain artificial colours from
their children’s diets might have some beneficial effects.
* All additives are used in foods and drinks must be clearly labelled in the ingredients list, which helps parents to see which
foods and drinks contain additives and which do not.
For parents choosing to avoid giving their children foods and drinks containing an artificial additives, these days there is a wide
range of foods and drinks available that are free from artificial colourings and flavourings.

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