Английский язык. Конова М.А. - 76 стр.

   production from foreign competition by raising the price of the imported
   commodity. Revenue tariffs are designed to obtain revenue rather than to
   restrict imports. Still, protective tariffs, unless they are so high as to keep out
   imports, yield revenue, and revenue tariffs give some protection to any domestic
   producer of the duty-bearing goods. A transit duty, or transit tax, is a tax levied
   on commodities passing through a Customs area en route to another country.
   Similarly, an export duty, or export tax, is a tax imposed on commodities leaving
   a Customs area.
        Other practices may also act as barriers to trade. Quotas of quantitative
   restrictions may prohibit the importation of certain commodities or limit the
   amounts imported. Such quotas are usually administered by requiring
   importers to have licences to bring in particular commodities. Quotas raise prices
   just as tariffs do, but, being set in physical terms, their impact on imports is
   direct, with an absolute ceiling set on supply. Increased prices will not bring
   more goods in. There is also a difference between tariffs and quotas in their
   effect on revenues. With tariffs, the government receives the revenue; under
   quotas, the import licence holders obtain a windfall in the form of the difference
   between the high domestic price and the low international price of the import.
         Tariffs on imports may be applied in several ways. If they are imposed
   according to the physical quantity of an import, they are called specific tariffs. If
   they are levied according to the value of the import, they are known as ad
   valorem tariffs.
        Tariffs may differentiate among the countries from which the imports are
   obtained. They may, for instance, be lower between countries that have
   previously entered into special arrangements, such as the trade preferences
   accorded to each other by members of the Commonwealth.
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        12.2.1 Answer the following questions:

1) What is a tariff or duty?
2) What are protective tariffs designed to do?
3) What are revenue tariffs aimed at?
4) On what is a transit tariff or transit duty levied?
5) On what is an export duty or export tax imposed?
6) What are quotas usually introduced for?
7) In what way do quotas differ from tariffs?
8) What are the two ways in which tariffs or imports may be applied?
9) What trade preferences do members of the Commonwealth have?
10) How can tariffs encourage domestic production?
11) Why are tariffs favoured by industries?
12) What tendencies may tariffs encourage as far as a market structure is concerned?
13) What can force the price of the import down?