Учебно-методическое пособие по обучению профессиональному общению. Коровина Н.А - 4 стр.

      TEXT 2                                                               mined by the amounts of money paid as wages, rent and other forms of
                                                                           income.
      Study carefully the meaning of the following phrases and                    Economists use assumptions to build models, both for explana-
word combinations to avoid any difficulty in understanding the fol-        tion and for prediction of economic events. They summarize conclu-
lowing text.                                                               sions on economic questions into economic principles. Western
      1. …that involve everyone – …которые касаются каждого                economists believe that all economic questions can be analysed by
      2. economics is concerned with – экономика имеет дело с (за-         examining the decisions of individuals and the outcome of those deci-
нимается…)                                                                 sions made by people as consumers or as managers of firms. The
      3. by examining – путем изучения                                     Marxist analysis of Western economies is based on the interrelations
      4. …are regarded as uniform enough – …рассматриваются как            between social classes – workers and capitalists – whose interests and
достаточно однородные                                                      behaviour are regarded as uniform enough for a whole class to be seen
      5. …that called for a take-over of the state by the workers –        as a single unit. The Communist system was based on an economic
…которая предусматривала, что рабочие возьмут на себя руково-              and social theory that called for a take-over of the state by the workers.
дство государством                                                         Although Communist central planning did bring about strong eco-
      6. did bring about strong economic growth – действительно            nomic growth in some countries – such as in the rapidly industrializing
привело к экономическому росту                                             Soviet Union of the 1920s and 1930s – it often resulted in long-term
      7. supply and demand – спрос и предложение                           inefficiency and economic stagnation.
      8. in a decentralized way – децентрализовано                                A country's economic system is its way of organizing economic
      9. to some extent – до некоторой степени                             activities, including the ways in which people come to specialize in
                                                                           particular tasks they do best. There is a variety of economic systems,
                 The Subject Matter of Economics                           which can be divided into three groups:
       No one comes to economics as a traveller to an unknown land.               a) Market or decentralized economic systems in which eco-
Much of our everyday experience is related to economics. Studying          nomic decisions are taken by individuals. Free-market economists
economics is directly connected with very important things that in-        examine markets using a fundamental method of economics: supply
volve everyone, such as unemployment, inflation, wages, poverty,           and demand analysis.
taxes, banks, foreign currencies.                                                 b) Planned or centralized economic systems, in which eco-
       Economics is the science that deals with the production, distri-    nomic decisions are taken by government planners.
bution and consumption of wealth and with the various related prob-               c) Mixed economic systems, in which many economic activi-
lems of labour, finance, taxation etc. Economics is concerned with the     ties are organized in a decentralized way, but in which the government
economy or economic system. The economic system determines how             takes some of the most important economic decisions. In practice,
the nation's resources of land, labour, machinery and raw materials are    every economic system is mixed to some extent.
allocated and used. The problem of allocating resources is a central              d) Economics is connected with such sciences as psychology,
theme of economics, because most resources are scarce. The allocation      history, law, political science, accounting, engineering, mathematics
of scarce resources and the distribution of the product of those re-       and statistics.
sources are a major part of the subject matter of economics.
       In Western economies many resources are allocated to whoever
is willing and able to pay the most for them. The distribution is deter-

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