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person with two children and a steady job is less likely to commit a crime than an
unemployed, single, child-free person.
Recent figures show a worrying increase in violent crime and: homicide among
youngsters under age 18. In 1995, some 5,280 children and youths died from
gun-related injuries, and a recent study revealed that U.S. children are fifteen
times more likely to die from guns than their counterparts in the twenty-five other
major industrialized countries combined. Clearly, guns are only a part of the prob-
lem. Poverty, deprivation, and gangs are directly related to much of the crime. In
addition, the way this generation of American parents is raising their children
should be examined. One psychologist argues that "the fundamental problem is
that kids these days are not getting the social and emotional learning they need.
Parents aren't around as much, so there's not as much modeling of how to
behave, or as much emotional support."
B Gender
According to FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) reports, 78 percent of all those
arrested for crimes are males. Males are also responsible for about 83 percent of
violent crime and 70 percent of all property crimes. Females are arrested for
criminal behavior in only 21 percent of all arrests. (Percentages for males and
females don't add up to 100 percent because of rounding of numbers.) Although
women commit all types of crime they are most likely to be involved in prostitution,
petty theft, shoplifting, passing bad checks, domestic theft, and welfare fraud.
They are less likely to be involved in the more profitable crimes of burglary,
robbery, embezzlement, and business fraud. In other words, women are more
likely to commit crimes that reflect their less powerful position in society. Most
women criminals are unemployed, uneducated, single mothers with small
children.
Why is it that the figures for males and females are so different? 5 Sociologists
suggest that it is more socially acceptable for males to be deviant and involved in
crime than it is for females. Women are under a greater social pressure to
conform than men are. If they do not conform to the expected social roles of wife
and mother, they are more likely to be assigned extremely negative labels. It has
also been suggested that women have fewer opportunities to get involved in crimi-
nal behavior. Compared to males, potential female criminals are less likely to be
selected and recruited into criminal groups, have a more limited range of criminal
career paths open to them, and have fewer opportunities for learning criminal
skills (Steffensmeier 1983). In other words, like employment opportunities,
criminal opportunities are still much less available to women than to men. A
further argument is that in a male-dominated society, women are socialized
differently from men. Consequently, women are less interested in achieving
material success and more interested in achieving emotional fulfillment through
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