Read and Speak. Круглова М.В. - 51 стр.

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Learn the English scientific degrees.

Compare them with Russian ones.

First degrees are also called Bachelor’s degrees:

Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) - a first degree in the faculty of Arts.

Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) - a first degree in the faculty of Science.

Higher (further) advanced degrees:

Master’s Degree (M. A., M. Sc.) - there has been an increasing tendency to make

the Master’s Degree an advanced examination degree, awarded after a year’s

postgraduate study, rather than a degree by thesis. This degree doesn’t correspond to

any Russian degree.

Doctorate - this degree is called in full Doctor of Philosophy, but is usually

shortened to Ph. D. The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a Ph. D.

in English, Mathematics, or Geography. A Ph. D. is awarded on acceptance of a

thesis which must be an original contribution to knowledge, that is contain new

information on scientific problems. Research for this degree usually takes about three

years.

Senior Doctorate - these degrees are much higher than the Ph. D. However, they

differ from the latter in that they don’t involve the writing of thesis. A person wishing

to apply for such a degree submits his published works to a board, or committee, who

then decide if these works justify the award of the degree.

Read the newspaper clipping, get ready to render its

contents in English.

The oriental way to wisdom

In the West, differences of innate ability are emphasized in order to give the

individual the education he needs. In China and Japan, the differences are de-

emphasized because it’s believed that with hard work they can be eradicated. The

slow bird, says the Chinese proverb, needs to start early. The slow bird , says Western

educational philosophy, must not be made to start early in case he feels inferior. The

Japanese teacher has high expectations of all his pupils because he is convinced that

with earnest endeavour all of them can achieve. The British teacher doesn’t have the

heart to expect too much of children to whom so little appears to have been given.