Read and Speak. Круглова М.В. - 76 стр.

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TEXT 4C. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
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The Russian Federation occupies the largest part of Eastern Europe and North
Asia, covering 17 million square kilometers. The length from west to east is 9,000
km, and from north to south the country’s dimensions range from 2,500 to 4,000
thousand km. Russia borders 14 countries to the northwest, to the west, to the south
and to the southeast. Russia’s longest coastlines run along the Arctic Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean.
Large plains constitute up nearly 70 per cent of Russia’s landmass. The East
European Plain stretches to the Ural Mountains, traditionally considered the eastern
edge of Europe. East of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain. Between the Yenisei
and Lena rivers is the high Middle Siberian Plateau, which meets the Central
Yakutian Plain to the east.
Mountains are found in eastern and southern part of Russia. To the south in the
European part is the North Slope of the Big Caucasus Range, which includes Elbrus,
the country’s highest mountain peak at 5,642 m. A belt of mountains ranges stretches
through southern Siberia. Along the Pacific coast are the mountains of Kamchatka
and the Kuril Islands, which feature active volcanoes.
Russia has about 120,000 rivers, whose total length exceeds 2.3 million km. The
largest rivers are the Amur (4,400 km), the Volga (3,530 km), the Yenisei (4,102
km), the Ob (5,410 km) and the Lena (4,440 km). There are about two million lakes
and seas, the largest of which are Baikal, Ladoga, Onega and the Caspian Sea.
The climate of Russia varies from the sea climate in the far northwest to the sharp
continental climate of Siberia and the mosoon climate in the Far East Region. Most of
the country, however, enjoys a moderate continental climate, with cold winters and
rather warm summers. The average temperature in January ranges from zero to minus
five degrees C in the west and around the Caucasus, to minus 40 or minus 50 degrees
C in Yakutia. Snow covers the land for 60 to 80 days in the south and 260 to 280
days in the far north. The average temperature in July is 24 to 25 degrees C near the
Caspian lowland and one degree C in northern Siberia. Precipitation in the west
comes primarily from the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Far East from the Pacific Ocean,
ranging between 100 mm a year in semidesert areas of the lowlands near the Caspian
Sea to 2,000 mm in the Caucasus and Altai Mountains.
From «Investment Guide for the Russian Federation»

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