Read and Speak. Круглова М.В. - 78 стр.

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78
Large-scale stone construction was performed during the reign of Catherine the
Great. Several first- class foreign architects were invited to build a number of
architectural monuments in Western style. Some of them have survived to our days
and are carefully preserved by the city authorities.
In 1812 during Napoleon’s invasion a terrible fire raged in the city for several
days. It was calculated that more then 7,000 buildings were destroyed and the city’s
central area was completely gone. This disaster, however, prompted a real housing
boom. Standard projects had to be used to facilitate rapid restoration of the city and
preserve the city’s architectural uniformity. This task was successfully carried out. As
a result a great number of stone houses with much better facilities appeared in the
city. They were completely different from those of the previous years.
As the time passed, the city’s boundaries expanded considerably. New dwelling
districts and industrial enterprises were built on the outskirts of the city.
A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the establishment of the
industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and the branches producing high-quality
apparatus, as well as the development of new technologies and know-how.
Alongside industrial development much attention is paid by the city
administration to the construction of cultural, educational institutions and sports
facilities.
In recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million and it is still
growing. This resulted in large-scale migration of people. Muscovites move from one
district to another, when they get new flats and for other reasons. All that calls for
further development and improvement of the city’s transport services. Transport is a
serious problem for all large cities of the world. The capitals of major states are often
unable to solve it. Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means
of transport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro. Besides it there are busses, trolley
busses and trams. The total length of their routes is constantly increasing. But
nevertheless there is permanent need for new and more comfortable means of
transport.
Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Having reconstructed
many of the existing streets and roads the city authorities started to build new roads
which are to link several city districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the
Sadovoye Ring Road.
So instead of the traditional monocentric system the city gets polycentric planning
according to which Moscow complex zones are united by a system of general city
centre. The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its significance as a
historical, cultural, educational and administrative public centre, the seat of the

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