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57
under stress is of complex geometry, it is not possible to predict accurately the
magnitude of settlement.
(ii) Consolidation of the soil due to volume changes. Under applied load
the moisture is ‘squeezed’ from the soil and the soil compacts to partly fill the
voids left by the retreating moisture. In soils of low permeability, such as clays,
the consolidation process is slow and can even continue throughout the life of
the structure (for example, the leaning tower of Pisa). Clays of relatively high
moisture content will consolidate by greater amounts than clays with lower
moisture contents. (Clays are susceptible to volume change with change in
moisture content – they can shrink on drying out and heave, i.e. expand, with
increase in moisture content.) Sands tend to have higher permeability and lower
moisture content than clays. Therefore the consolidation of sand is faster but
less than that of clay.
City Architecture
Any community consists of examples of architecture but in another sense
the community itself is the form of architectural planning. A true community
grows and changes, and its change is a symptom of its life.
In Europe and in the original settlements of North and South America the
modern city grew up around an older core, and down to our days these cores
have continued to have a powerful influence on new plans. Certain urban lay-
outs which have been repeated automatically are still looked upon as standard
forms.
The medieval town was a combination of camp, market, and sanctuary.
The necessity for protection colored all its institutions, dictated the use of a
defensive site on hillside or waterside. It led to the erection of walls separating
the town from the country and allowing access only through guarded gates. The
social functions of the medieval town were concentrated in a square. Medieval
builders, in their handling of space and their bold contrasting of horizontal
and vertical, still have something to teach the twentieth-century architect who
knows no way of achieving height except by erecting skyscrapers.
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