Современные проблемы промышленного и гражданского строительства на занятиях английского языка. Кузьмина Е.В. - 58 стр.

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The Baroque (or so-called Renaissance) city was formulated in the

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and was actually built in the seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries. In the Baroque plan the old medieval market square is

transformed into the traffic circle which the pedestrian crosses at a great risk.

The focus of this plan is no longer the church but the palace, the seat of a one-

sided, despotic power. In contrast with the medieval town, the Baroque city

demands flat sites, straight continuous streets, and uniform building and roof

lines. It was built for armies and wheeled vehicles. The typical Baroque form

might be called the parade city: not only its soldiers but also its citizens and its

buildings are on parade. Whatever is visible must submit to this geometry; the

city is organized for show.

The Baroque plan, unlike the medieval, left a deep imprint on later

generations; it became standard throughout Western civilization. This style

preferred straight streets to curved ones ignoring the topography.

Building Construction

The construction of the homes and buildings in which people live and

work has been a major industry ever since early human beings first made huts

of sticks, mud, or rocks. Methods of building construction have been constantly

improved since those first crude structures. Modern skyscrapers can be built

within a year or two. Prefabricated buildings, with their various parts made in

factories by assembly-line methods, can be built in a day or two, but are rarely

as durable as traditionally made buildings.

A building has two main parts, the substructure (the part below ground)

and the superstructure (the part above ground). The substructure is usually

called the foundation. It includes the basement walls, even though these may

extend above the ground.

Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support the load

(weight) of the building. The dead load of a building is the total weight of all

its parts. The live load is the weight of the furniture, equipment, stored

material, and occupants of a building. In some regions, the wind load of a