Современные проблемы промышленного и гражданского строительства на занятиях английского языка. Кузьмина Е.В. - 60 стр.

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The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10-storey Home

Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was the

world's first skyscraper.

Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and

curtain walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a

building or to keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include

windows, doors, stairs, and lifts.

In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall

panels are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into

position. Lift-slab construction may be used for positioning roof and floor

slabs. These slabs are formed with concrete at ground level, within the

framework of the building. They are then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks.

Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones

support the body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the

weight of the walls and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run

horizontally. Girders are usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are

called joists, especially in wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that

brace rafters or girders and help provide the structure to support roofs. Beams

above window and door openings are called lintels. Slabs are beams whose

width is greater than their depth.

Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and

girders. Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in

triangular patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large

distances with relatively small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports

that usually extend over openings.

Prefabricated Construction

Prefabrication has become an important part of most types of building

construction. Prefabricated sections of a building are produced in large

quantities in a factory and then shipped to various construction sites. This

procedure may allow work to continue despite poor weather conditions and