Чтение общенаучной литературы. Кытманова О.А. - 34 стр.

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35
Programs
The job of every television and radio service around the world is to transmit
programs. In the case of television programs, some are made by the broadcasting
organization itself, while the rest arc bought, either from independent producers or
from foreign stations. This is also true of radio programs, though the larger
national broadcasting organizations buy far fewer programs from outside sources.
Programs on both radio and television are classified in several different categories,
covering news and current affairs, light entertainment (comedies, game shows, and
so on>, drama, music, sport, and outside broadcasts.
Programs can be of three different types: "live" programs (including sports events
and state occasions that are broadcast at the time when they happen); radio
programs recorded on tape (including music programs and concerts recorded
"digitally" in stereophonic sound and television recordings made on film or video
(including plays or series). In addition, television companies broadcast films made
for theaters and also films made especially for television.
The person who decides which programs should be broadcast is generally called
the director or controller of programs. This person organizes a number of
departments to produce the specific categories of programs. Each department has
its own head, who oversees the work of several producers and directors. The
departments share certain central services, such as make-up, filming, transport, and
even casting. Recorded programs take many weeks or even months to prepare, and
both the actors or announcers and the camera personnel have to rehearse. Some
"live" programs also require rehearsal, so that camera angles can be worked out in
advance in order to obtain the best shots. Even news bulletins and weather reports
require rehearsal, although the time available for such preparation is very short.
Television Programs. Each department makes its studio programs in the same
way. The producer and director sit in the gallery or control room. In front, a row of
television screens, called monitors, show the pictures obtained by each of the
cameras on the studio floor Each cameraman has a "camera card" which is his
script and shows his moves and the shots required—for instance, long shot,
medium shot, or close-up. The director decides which pictures to use, and asks the
vision mixer to cut, blend or fade from one picture to another. It takes about four
days to record a full-length play.
The production secretary watches the timing of the program and the technical
crew control the picture and sound quality. The technical crew and floor manager
wear headphones so that they can receive instructions from the director, who is
linked to them through his small "talk-back" microphone.
If the production contains film inserts or tape recordings of music or sounds,
these are fed into the transmission from the studio control room. For example, in a
musical production a song may have been tape-recorded beforehand by a singer.
The director "cues in" this tape while the actor in the studio mimes the song.
("Miming" means acting in silence The actor looks as if he were singing but is
simply moving his lips.)
Filming "on location", that is, outside the studio, takes much longer. The director
and film crew (consisting of a cameraman, a sound recordist, a lighting man, and

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