Английский для бакалавров. Макеева М.Н - 53 стр.

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Look at these examples :
I don't usually have bacon for breakfast but I'm having some this morning because there is nothing else.
I often cycle to work but I'm taking the taxi this morning because it's raining very hard.
I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my husband will be very happy about it.
My parents live in Moscow but I'm just visiting.
Note how, in all these examples, we use the Present Continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in
time and the Present Simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent.
PAST SIMPLE
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. We can use it to talk
about a specific point in time. – She came back last Monday. I saw them in the street.
It can also be used to talk about a period of time. – She lived in London for five years.
They were in New York from Monday to Thursday of last week.
When I was living in St. Petersburg, I went to all the art exhibitions I could.
You will often find the Past Simple used with time expressions such as these:
Yesterday; three weeks ago; last year; in 2009; from May to July; for a long time; for 7 weeks.
PAST CONTINUOUS
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. We can use it to talk
about a specific point in time. We use the Past Continuous to talk about past events which went on for a period of time.
We use it when we want to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we just
want to talk about the past event as a simple fact, we use the Past Simple.)
Were you expecting any visitors? Sorry, were you having a rest? I was just making some coffee. I was thinking about him
last night. In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones.
We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.
I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw him. She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead. They
were still waiting for the bus when I spoke to them. We were just talking about it before they arrived. I was making a
presentation in front of 100 people when the microphone stopped working.
PAST SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS
Both the Past Simple and the Past Continuous refer to completed actions in the past.
Most of the time when we are talking about such actions, we use the Past Simple. This is by far the most common way
of talking about the past.
I lived there for 8 years. I only found out a few moments ago. I asked him but he didn't know anything.
Only use the Past Continuous when you want to emphasize the continuity of the action.
Everybody was talking about it all day. We were really trying hard but couldn't do it.
When we use these two forms in the same sentence, we use the Past Continuous to talk about the "background action"
and the Past Simple to talk about the shorter completed action.
It was raining hard when we left the building. I was reading the book when you rang.
PRESENT PERFECT
We use the Present Perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.
We can use it to look back on the recent past. I've broken my phone so I don't know what time it is. We have cancelled the
meeting. He's taken my project. I don't have one.
When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just', 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and
questions only).
They've already talked about that. She hasn't arrived yet. We've just done it. We don't know yet. Have they spoken to him
yet?
It can also be used to look back on the more distant past.
We've been to Novgorod a lot over the last few years. She's done this type of project many times before.
When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.
Have you ever been to France? Has he ever talked to you about the trouble? I've never met Jim and Sally.
We've never considered investing in Pakistan.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue
into the future.
We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.
Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking? You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
It can refer to an action that has not finished.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived
It can refer to a series of actions.
She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years. The university has been sending students here for over ten years
to do work experience.
The Present Perfect Continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last
few months'.

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