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more highly charged ions. Our theoretical results for the single ionization of helium by highly
charged gold particles are in poor agreement with experimental results. The experiment displays
unique forward peak structures in the FDCS that were not seen in the theoretical approach. We
consider possible mechanisms to account for this forward peak structure.
5. Dynamic interaction between Bcd and DNA
An activator–DNA complex is a prerequisite for gene activation; how an activator binds
DNA might affect the extent of gene activation. To obtain a better understanding of the DNA-
binding function of Bcd, we conducted kinetic studies on the formation of Bcd–DNA complexes.
To measure the off-rate of the protein–DNA complexes, binding reactions were loaded on a
polyacrylamide gel at different time points after an excess (approx. 100-fold) of unlabelled
competitor had been added to the reaction. Figure 1 shows that the protein–DNA complexes
dissociated almost immediately (within 30 s) after the unlabelled competitor had been added,
suggesting that the Bcd–DNA complexes are extremely unstable. We also measured the on-rate
of Bcd–DNA interaction and observed that more than 50% binding was achieved within 10 s
(results not shown). These kinetic studies demonstrate that the binding of Bcd to DNA is a
dynamic process and that the Bcd–DNA complexes are very unstable.
Although a similarly fast dissociation was observed with complexes on either a single
Bcd site (Figure 1a) or multiple Bcd sites (Figure 1b), complexes containing different numbers
of Bcd molecules exhibited different behaviours in gel-retardation assays (Figure 2).
Specifically, the complex formed on a probe containing four Bcd sites seemed to be a smear
(Figure 2d) rather than a discrete band as observed with probes containing five or six sites
(Figures 2a–2c). It has been shown previously that weak protein–protein interactions can be
disrupted by gel electrophoresis [26,27]. Our experiments support a previous suggestion that the
interaction between Bcd molecules is weak [15], especially for complexes containing four or
fewer Bcd molecules (also see Figure 2 legend). Taken together, our biochemical studies
(Figures 1 and 2) suggest that the Bcd–DNA complexes are unstable, not only owing to the
dynamic nature of the interaction between Bcd and DNA but also owing to a weak interaction
between Bcd molecules.
Литература (основная):
1. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык. Учебник для вузов
Издательство: Флинта, Наука, 2002 или 2004. 384 стр.
2. Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса / Stylistics of the
English Language. Fundamentals of the Course. Издательство: Едиториал УРСС, 2002. 208
стр.
Литература (дополнительная):
1. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика. М.: ВШ, 1977. (Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1977)
2. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. Учебник для институтов и
факультетов иностранных языков. М.: Издательства: Астрель, АСТ, 2003. 224 стр.
3. Аполлова М.А. Specific English. М., 1977. - 136 c.
4. Бельчиков Ю.А. О культурном коннотативном компоненте лексики // Язык:
система и функционирование: сборник научных трудов. - М.: Наука, 1988. - С. 30-
35 http://teneta.rinet.ru/rus/be/belchikov_ocultnconnot.htm
5. Богин Г.И. Методологическое пособие по интерпретации художественного текста:
Для занимающихся иностр. филологией. 2000.
http://www.auditorium.ru/aud/p/index.php?a=presdir&c=getForm&r=resDesc&id_res=2
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