Функциональная стилистика. Максакова С.П - 27 стр.

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1. Objectivity in social research
Objectivity in quantitative research
Objectivity is considered by many quantitative researchers to be one of the most
significant elements of sociological enterprise, and has been practiced by many social scientists
throughout the history of social science. Objectivity is regarded by many as a virtue that every
social researcher should try to achieve, although it is realized that reaching a high degree of
objectivity is not easy or even possible.
Objectivity is generally employed to minimize personal prejudice and bias, and to
guarantee that social reality will be presented as it is, rather than as it is interpreted or imagined
by the investigator. But the issue has divided social scientists, one group supporting objectivity
and the other being against it. The former believe in value neutrality, while the latter do not, and
subscribe to what we know as normativism.
Value neutrality
The inherent presupposition of the first school of thought is that the researcher ought to
be limited in his or her own biases. Social scientists are thought to be “technicians” or
consultants and not reformers. They should be neutral observers and analysts and not
philosophers or moralists. The researcher’s personal views and value judgments should be kept
out of research.
More particularly, the main principles of objectivity (or value neutrality) are these:
- Sociology (and the social sciences in general) is value free, that is, its goal is to study
what is and not what ought to be. For this reason, the structure of theory and research
should adhere to the inherent principle of value neutrality, and try to achieve the highest
possible degree of objectivity.
- Social scientists should be value free, that is, they should rule out value judgments, and
should exclude subjective views, personal bias and personal convictions when working as
academics.
- Value judgments should be reserved for politicians, who are more familiar with the
whole social process of social life, and not for social scientists.
2. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
The familiar compound H
2
O provides the evidence that substances occur in three
different physical classes called states. At room temperature, H
2
O is a dense fluid called a
liquid. When that liquid is chilled to 0º C, it changes to a rigid solid. If the liquid is heated to
100º C, however, it abruptly expands to a tenuous fluid called vapor or gas. Such different states
of matter are not unique to H
2
O. Almost all substances can exist in two or three of the
fundamental states. The chart below defines the states in terms of the shape and volume of
substances. Because both liquids and gases flow rapidly, they are collectively referred as fluids.
State of matter Shape of substance Volume of substance
Solid
Liquid
Gas
definite
indefinite
indefinite
definite
definite
indefinite
These states have different properties because they have distinct structures on the atomic
or molecular scale. In a solid, the atoms are strongly bonded to the surrounding atoms so that
each is in a fixed position; if the solid structure has a regular pattern that is repeated throughout
the solid, it is described as a crystalline structure. The atoms or molecules in a liquid are less

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