Engineering MOSAIC. Мантатова С.С - 13 стр.

UNIT VIII                                                                 police: "When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped
The early days of automobiles                                             and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be
Before you start                                                          prosecuted.”
1. Match the words with the opposite meaning                                    4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of
      1. safe                   a) destroy                                gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect
      2. fast                   b) last                                   gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of
      3. build                  c) legal                                  operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and
      4. outlawed               d) slow                                   appearance. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater
      5. first                  e) dangerous                              reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant
Reading                                                                   efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-
2. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:                 cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-
      1. What was Newton’s great attempt?                                 cylinder engines. Like most other great human achievements, the
      2. What was the aim of the Red Flag Act of 1865?                    motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the
      3. Why did the governor arrest the editor of the local              development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars,
newspaper?                                                                as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier
      4. When did multi-cylinder engines come into use?                   restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
                  The early days of automobiles                           Vocabulary
      1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical   3. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled         1. governor            a) a recurring time in which an event occurs
vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in                                repeatedly
1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried      2. achievement         b) someone who creates something new
two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The                3. cycle               c) water in the form of vapor
carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and          4. effort              d) a motorized device for transporting goods or
extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and                            passengers
the carnage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.               5. inventor            e) an official appointed to exercise political
      2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The                                  authority
vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes.          6. steam               f) voluntary exertion of physical and mental
However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in                                 energy
Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because        7. vehicle             g) something succeeded by work or skill
of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of   Speaking
these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865 according to which the speed      4. Arrange the following sentences according to the logic of the text:
of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a        1. Automobile industry began to develop with a help of huge capital.
man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.                           2. The four-stroke cycle was introduced into operation.
      3. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed       3. Motorcars became more efficient and their components were
altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of             standardized.
Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the        4. The speed of the first steam-driven engine was high.