Engineering MOSAIC. Мантатова С.С - 24 стр.

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UNIT XVIII
Four industrial revolutions
Before you start
1. How does the industrial revolution influence human life?
Reading
2. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:
1. When does the history of mechanical engineering begin?
2. What were the earliest types of machines?
3. What are the four stages of the development of world
industry and what are they characterized by?
4. What period of industrial revolution occurs at present?
The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time
when the man first tried to make machines. We can call the earlier
rollers, levers and pulleys, for example, the work of mechanical
engineering.
Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from
the first Industrial Revolution.
People have labeled as "revolutions" three episodes in the
industrial history of the world and now we are entering the fourth.
The first industrial revolution took place in England between
1760 an 1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer
instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This
power could drive not only railway engines and ships but also the
machines which built them.
In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the
technical driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier
and cheaper to control than steam. It was marked also by the growing
importance of science-based industries such as chemicals and
electrical goods, and the use of scientifically-designed production
methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines.
The third industrial revolution coincided with the advent of
automation — in its inflexible form. In this revolution, the main
features were advances in the control of manufacturing processes so
that things could be made more cheaply, with greater precision and
(often) with fewer people. And this change which occurred around
the middle of this century, also featured a new machine that was to
greatly influence the world, the electronic computer.
The fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by
automated machines that are versatile and programmable and can
make different things according to different sets of computer
instructions. It will be characterized by flexible, automated
machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots.
Vocabulary
3. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
a. label 1. the arrangement of workers, machines and
equipment.
b. provide 2. to make a product
c. steam 3. to name
d. assembly line 4. capable of being bent.
e. manufacture 5. water in the form of vapor.
f. flexible 6. to supply with what is needed.
Writing and Speaking
4. Sum up the information from the text and fill in the table:
№ Period Main features
1.
1760-1840
1. metal-the main material for the engineer.
2. steam-the driving technical force.
2.
1.
2.
3.
3.
1.
2.
4.
1.
5. Work with a partner. Discuss with your partner the questions
below:
1. Does an industrial revolution make always good for people?
2. What do you think will be expected results of using robots? 
UNIT XVIII                                                                 (often) with fewer people. And this change which occurred around
Four industrial revolutions                                                the middle of this century, also featured a new machine that was to
Before you start                                                           greatly influence the world, the electronic computer.
1. How does the industrial revolution influence human life?                      The fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by
Reading                                                                    automated machines that are versatile and programmable and can
2. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:                  make different things according to different sets of computer
     1. When does the history of mechanical engineering begin?             instructions. It will be characterized by flexible, automated
     2. What were the earliest types of machines?                          machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots.
     3. What are the four stages of the development of world
       industry and what are they characterized by?                        Vocabulary
     4. What period of industrial revolution occurs at present?            3. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
                                                                           a. label              1. the arrangement of workers, machines and
                                                                                                 equipment.
      The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time          b. provide            2. to make a product
when the man first tried to make machines. We can call the earlier         c. steam              3. to name
rollers, levers and pulleys, for example, the work of mechanical           d. assembly line      4. capable of being bent.
engineering.                                                               e. manufacture        5. water in the form of vapor.
      Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from       f. flexible           6. to supply with what is needed.
the first Industrial Revolution.
      People have labeled as "revolutions" three episodes in the           Writing and Speaking
industrial history of the world and now we are entering the fourth.        4. Sum up the information from the text and fill in the table:
      The first industrial revolution took place in England between
1760 an 1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer               №         Period                          Main features
instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This          1.      1760-1840         1. metal-the main material for the engineer.
power could drive not only railway engines and ships but also the                                    2. steam-the driving technical force.
machines which built them.                                                 2.                        1.
      In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the                               2.
technical driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier                             3.
and cheaper to control than steam. It was marked also by the growing       3.                        1.
importance of science-based industries such as chemicals and                                         2.
electrical goods, and the use of scientifically-designed production        4.                        1.
methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines.
      The third industrial revolution coincided with the advent of         5. Work with a partner. Discuss with your partner the questions
automation — in its inflexible form. In this revolution, the main            below:
features were advances in the control of manufacturing processes so            1. Does an industrial revolution make always good for people?
that things could be made more cheaply, with greater precision and             2. What do you think will be expected results of using robots?

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