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101
Artificial Intelligence (Part II)
Task 1. Read the text and check the difference between the information in the I
and II Parts of the text.
1. There is interest in the results of AI from at least four directions. In particular
there is the study of robotics which is concerned, to a large extend, with the practical
requirements of industry for mechanical devices which can perform 'intelligent' tasks
— tasks of a versatility and complication which have previously demanded human
intervention or control — and to perform them with a speed and reliability beyond
any human capabilities, or under adverse conditions where human life could be at
risk. Also of interest commercially, as well as generally, is the development of expert
systems, according to which the essential knowledge of an entire profession —
medical, legal, etc. — is intended to be coded into a computer package! Is it possible
that the experience and expertise of human members of these professions might
actually be supplanted by such packages? The question of whether the computers can
simulate genuine intelligence clearly has considerable social implications. Another
area in which AI could have direct relevance is psychology. It is hoped that by trying
to imitate the behaviour of a human brain (or that of some other animal) by means of
an electronic device — or by failing to do so —-one may learn something of
importance concerning the brain's workings. Finally, there is the optimistic hope that
for similar reasons AI might have something to say about deep questions of
philosophy.
2. How far has AI been able to progress to date? It would be hard to try to
summarize. There are many active groups in different parts of the world.
Nevertheless, it would be fair to say that, although many clever things have indeed
been done, the simulation of anything that could pass for genuine intelligence is yet a
long way off. But to give an optimistic example it should be mentioned some of the
impressive achievements, and then some remarkable recent progress with chess
computers.
3 One of the first AI devices was W. Grey Walter's 'tortoise', made in the early 1950s,
which moved around the floor under its own power until its batteries ran low. A
somewhat separate line of development is exemplified by the computer program,
designed in 1972, which can converse sensibly about a collection of blocks, of
various shapes and colours which, in simulation, it places on top of one another in
different orders and arrangements. Despite such early successes, it is remarkable how
difficult it proved to design the control of even a simple, jointed 'robot arm', which
has to manoeuvre around, avoiding crowded obstacles, where the required motions
may seem 'obvious' to a human looking on. The Interpretation of visual scenes
generally is also an area where the procedures of Al have so far got nowhere close to
what the human brain (and, indeed, most other animals) seems ‘effortlessly' to be able
to achieve.
4. Perhaps more close to the human intelligence is the computer program developed
in the mid-1960s, which simulates a psychotherapist — so successfully that some
patients find that they prefer the computer to a human therapist, and are prepared to
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