Computer in Use. Маркушевская Л.П - 46 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

46
Exercise 5. Be attentive and remember the meaning of the underlined terms and
words.
1. High-speed and long-distance networks connecting other networks to the Internet
became major links and were termed "backbones"
.
2. A computer providing other computers on a Network with valuable data was
called a "host"
.
3. WWW
is an information space on the Internet unified by a common addressing
system and containing a mix of text, sound, graphic and animation files which can
have links between each other even if they are on different servers.
4. Browser
is a program created for searching, navigating and displaying the
computer material through the Web.
5. Data with links between separate elements that allowed users to move through
information non-sequentially was termed as hypertext
.
Comprehensive reading
A NET FOR ALL, AND A WEB TOO
The years 1989-96 was another pivotal period for what was effectively known
as the Internet, stressing the fact that the original ARPANET had been followed by
myriad of fast growing sub-networks operating in the U.S. and internationally. In
1989 the ARPANET was decommissioned, and in April 1995 the NSFNET reverted
back to a pure research network, leaving a number of private companies to provide
Internet backbone connectivity. At the same time the number of hosts as well as the
network traffic grew at an enormous rate.
This veritable explosion in network use, apart from the fact that the personal
computer became a household item in the same span of time, can be attributed to the
result of a research proposal submitted to the funding authorities of the European
Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland, CERN (a French abbreviation for
Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire). The title was "WorldWideWeb:
Proposal for a HyperText Project," and the authors were Tim Berners-Lee and Robert
Cailliau.
The World-Wide Web (also known as the WWW or Web) was conceived as a
far more user-friendly and navigationally effective user interface than the previous
UNIX-based text interfaces. The communications protocol devised for the WWW
was termed HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), hypertext being a navigational
tool, linking data objects, be it text or graphics, together by association in what is
effectively a web of pages, hence the use of the term "World-Wide Web." Berners-
Lee and Cailliau describe the process as follows: "A hypertext page has pieces of text
which refer to other texts. Such references are highlighted and can be selected with a
mouse....When you select a reference, the browser [the software used to access the
WWW] presents you with the text which is referenced: you have made the browser
follow a hypertext link."
The WWW prototype was first demonstrated in December 1990, and on May
17, 1991 the WWW began to work due to granting HTTP access to a number of
central CERN computers. As soon as browser software became available for the

Страницы