Рубрика:
71
contain also extra or supplementary materials. The text usually repeats all the data
included in the tables or illustrations.
3) The third part is the additional information and notices. Appendices are not
essential in every report. They can be identified by consecutive letters (Appendix A,
Appendix B, etc.). They are used to present material that is necessary for
completeness which can interrupt the flow of reading if inserted in the core of report
or material that is not of interest for the general reader, but only for a specialist in the
definite field. References in appendices are treated independently of those reported in
the body of report and are listed separately at the end of each appendix. Non textual
material generally defined as illustrations (tables, graphs, maps, photographs,
flowcharts, drawings, etc.) plays a significant part in the presentation of concepts
explained in the text and should be carefully organized. Illustrations summarize and
emphasize key points, improve clarity and reduce narrative length. They are both an
integral and independent part of the text. They offer some useful visual aid to the
reader and are a time-saving writing tool. In the text they may be defined as:
1) Tables (logically organized sequences of numbers or words);
2) Figures (every illustrative material that is not a table).
The choice between tables or figures depends on which elements are intended
to be focused (a table points out results, a graph promotes understanding of results
and suggests interpretations of their meaning and relationships; graphs shall be used
as an alternative to tables with many entries without duplicating data in graphs and
tables). Non textual material should be limited to that supporting the text and
pertinent for the understanding of the study described. Each item can be numbered
consecutively (Table 1, Figure 1) in the order of its first citation in the text, followed
by a brief title. Illustrations can be cited in the text and placed soon after their citation
(and not before) or included in appendices if they are so detailed as to interrupt the
flow of reading. If data included in illustrations are from other published sources,
permission can be obtained by the copyright owner (except for documents in the
public domain) and the original source shall be fully acknowledged. Use of colours
for illustrations should be checked carefully. Tables are used when the attention of
the reader is focused on data and not on trends of data. They capture information
concisely, and display it efficiently; they also provide information at any desired level
of detail and precision. Including data in tables rather than text frequently makes it
possible to reduce the length of the text. Oversized tables should be avoided. A table
is a matrix containing rows and columns of data which must be homogeneous. Each
column has a short heading guiding the reader in understanding the table content;
each cell must contain data (in case of missing data it can be indicated by special
marks or letters). Authors should place explanatory matter in footnotes (not in the
heading), which might contain also the explanation of non standard abbreviations.
Figures usually include relevant information needed for evidence, efficacy or
emphasis. They should be made as self-explanatory as possible using legends, when
necessary. Figures are suitable for printing (i.e. either professionally drawn and
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