Иностранный язык. Учебное пособие. Мартемьянова Н.В - 18 стр.

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---   The break with the empire brought on by England’s efforts to exercise greater
      control over America after the French and Indian War (1754-1763).

---   Americans saw the new rigor in the English policy as an effort to deprive
      them of their freedoms, and war followed as a consequence of this perception.

---   The efforts of the English government to collect the Americans’ share of the
      debt elicited cries of “no taxation without representation” and “death to
      mercantilism;” but their worst mistake was to try to enforce laws over the
      colony that had not been enforced in the past.

---   England had defeated the French in America and overpowered the Indians,
      but the struggle had left them with a huge debt.

In groups of four, take one of the two roles below and argue for your cause.
ROLE A: British Official (one person)
As a British official living in the American colonies in 1763, you must persuade the
      colonists to pay taxes to the King of England.
ROLE B : American Colonists (three people)
As American colonists, you argue against paying taxes to the King.

TEXT II
Read the essay about Turner Thesis and answer the comprehension questions
which follow.
    Historical writing about American history has been profoundly influenced by the
Turner Thesis. In an essay written in 1893, “The Significance of the Frontier in
American History”, historian Frederic Jackson Turner attributed American
characteristics of toughness, inventiveness, and self-reliance to the formative
experience of overcoming from the vast frontier.
    Americans were different from Europeans, and it was the frontier that had
modified their character. Most contemporary American historians claim that Turner
was wrong, but historians continue to write essays and books either refuting Turner
or reinterpreting some aspect of his thesis; and by their denial of the Turner Thesis
they give it life. The appeal of the Turner hypothesis lies in its epic proportions,
suggesting that the vast frontier formed American character, made the Americans
themselves larger than life and integrated American character, mystically perhaps,
with the development of the nation’s history.
    It is true that the frontier determined American history, even if it did not form
American character. In 1783, America was a narrow strip of a nation on the eastern
seaboard; but 70 years later the nation had taken the western lands from the
Appalachian Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Americans justified their conquest of
the continent with the self-serving idea of Manifest Destiny: God had ordained them
to take the land. But in taking the land, populating it, and dominating it, Americans
took on the historic task of overcoming time and space. In this way, the frontier
molded American purpose, if not the American character. The idea of the frontier is a