Computer World. Матросова Т.А. - 90 стр.

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been the almost-exclusive bailiwick of ARPA. Initially, the ICCB was chaired by a
representative of ARPA and met several times a year. As interest in the ARPA
Internet grew, so did interest in the work of the ICCB.
During this early period, the U.S. government, mainly ARPA, funded research
and development work on networks and supported the various networks in the ARPA
Internet by leasing and buying components and contracting out the system's day-to-
day operational management. The government also maintained responsibility for
overall policy. In the mid- to late 1970s, experimental local area networks and
experimental workstations, which had been developed in the research community,
were connected to the Internet according to the level of engineering expertise at each
site. In the early 1980s, Internet-compatible commercial workstations and local area
networks became available, significantly easing the task of getting connected to the
Internet.
The U.S. government also awarded contracts for the support of various aspects
of Internet infrastructure, including the maintenance of lists of hosts and their
addresses on the network. Other government-funded groups monitored and
maintained the key gateways between the Internet networks in addition to supporting
the networks themselves. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) adopted
the TCP/IP protocol as a standard and began to use it. By the early 1980s, it was clear
that the internetwork architecture that ARPA had created was a viable technology for
wider use in defense.
Emergence of the operational Internet
The DOD had become convinced that if its use of networking were to grow, it
needed to split the ARPA Internet (called ARPANET) in two. One of the resulting
networks, to be known as MILNET, would be used for military purposes and mainly
link military sites in the United States. The remaining portion of the network would
continue to bear the name ARPANET and still be used for research purposes. Since
both w ould use the TCP/IP protoc ol, c omputers on the MILNET w ould still be ab le
to talk to computers on the new ARPANET, but the MILNET network nodes would
be located at protected sites. If problems developed on the ARPANET, the MILNET
could be disconnected quickly from it by unplugging the small number of gateways
that connected them. In fact, these gateways were designed to limit the interactions
between the two networks to the exchange of electronic mail, a further safety feature.
By the early 1980s, the ARPA Internet was known simply as the Internet, and
the number of connections to it continued to grow. Recognizing the importance of
networking to the larger computer science community, the National Science
Foundation (NSF) began supporting CSNET, which connected a select group of
computer science researchers to the emerging Internet. This allowed new research
sites to be placed on the ARPANET at NSF's expense, and it allowed other new
research sites to be connected via a commercial network, TELENET, which would be
gatewayed to the ARPANET. CSNET also provided the capacity to support dial-up e-
mail connections. In addition, access to the ARPANET was informally extended to
researchers at numerous sites, thus helping to further spread the networking

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