Computer World. Матросова Т.А. - 92 стр.

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providing as well as using network services. This expansion followed as a direct
result of the planning for the High Performance Computing Initiative (HPCI), which
was being formed at the highest levels of government. DOD still reta ined the
responsibility for control of the Internet name and address space, although it
continued to contract out the operational aspects of the system.
The DOE and NASA both rely heavily on networking capability to support their
missions. In the early 1980s, they built High Energy Physics Net (HEPNET) and
Space Physics Analysis Net (SPAN), both based on Digital Equipment Corporation's
DECNET protocols. Later, DOE and NASA developed the Energy Sciences Net
(ESNET) and the NASA Science Internet (NSI), respectively; these networks
supported both TCP/IP and DECNET services. These initiatives were early
influences on the development of the multiprotocol networking technology that was
subsequently adopted in the Internet.
International networking activity was also expanding in the early and mid-
1980s. Starting with a number of networks based on the X.25 standard as well as
international links to ARPANET, DECNET, and SPAN, the networks began to
incorporate open internetworking protocols. Initially, Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) protocols were used most frequently. Later, the same forces that drove the
United States to use TCP/IP-availability in commercial workstations and local area
networks–caused the use of TCP/IP to grow internationally.
The number of task forces under the IAB continued to grow, and in 1989, the
IAB consolidated them into two groups: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The IETF, which had been formed as
one of the original 10 IAB Task Forces, was given responsibility for near-term
Internet developments and for generating options for the IAB to consider as Internet
standards. The IRTF remained much smaller than the IETF and focused more on
longer-range research issues. The IAB structure, with its task-force mechanism,
opened up the possibility of getting broader involvement from the private sector
without the need for government to pay directly for their partic ipation. The federal
role continued to be limited to oversight control of the Internet name and address
space, the support of IETF meetings, and sponsorship of many of the research
participants. By the end of the 1980s, IETF began charging a nominal attendance fee
to cover the costs of its meetings.
The opening of the Internet to commercial usage was a significant development
in the late 1980s. As a first step, commercial e-mail providers were allowed to use the
NSFNET backbone to communicate with authorized users of the NSFNET and other
federal research networks. Regional networks, initially established to serve the
academic community, had in their efforts to become self-sufficient taken on
nonacademic customers as an additional revenue source. NSF's Acceptable Use
Policy, which restricted backbone usage to traffic within and for the support of the
academic community, together with the growing number of nonacademic Internet
users, led to the formation of two privately funded and competing Internet carriers,
both spin-offs of U.S. government programs. They were UUNET Technologies, a
product of a DOD-funded seismic research facility, and Performance Systems

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