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Text 3
The equivalent force is known as the resultant of the forces. In the case
of two oppositely directed forces acting at the same point, this resultant is
found by taking the difference between the applied forces, and its direction is
that of the greater force.
When the forces act in the same direction, the resultant is found by
adding the applied forces. The forces can be combined into a single force; on
the other hand
1
, a single force can be divided into two or more forces to which
it is equivalent. When one force is given, it is possible to find two other forces
which when applied at the same time will produce the same effect as the single
force. This process of dividing a single force into two or more parts is known
as the resolution
2
of force, and the parts into which the force is divided are
called the components
3
of the force.
Notes:
1
on the other hand – с другой стороны;
2
resolution – разложение;
3
component – составляющая.
Text 4
The first steam-engine to do useful work was in England. The growing
coal-mining industry was in need of a mean for raising water from mines, a
means more efficient than manual or horse-drawn devices. So engineering
thought turned to the possibility of using steam for the purpose.
Small steam-turbines were employed in the United States in 1835 to
drive the rotary saws – at sawmills. But it was in the latter half of century that
rapid progress began in developing steam-turbines. There were several reasons
for this. First, more knowledge had been gained about the movement of gases.
Secondly, more machines had been developed that needed fast rotary
movement. This need increased particularly with the invention of the power
generator, with its swiftly revolving rotor. The steam-turbine became linked to
the generator in a single unit called a turbogenerator.
Soviet Russia produced its first turbogenerator in 1924.
Text 3
The equivalent force is known as the resultant of the forces. In the case
of two oppositely directed forces acting at the same point, this resultant is
found by taking the difference between the applied forces, and its direction is
that of the greater force.
When the forces act in the same direction, the resultant is found by
adding the applied forces. The forces can be combined into a single force; on
the other hand1, a single force can be divided into two or more forces to which
it is equivalent. When one force is given, it is possible to find two other forces
which when applied at the same time will produce the same effect as the single
force. This process of dividing a single force into two or more parts is known
as the resolution2 of force, and the parts into which the force is divided are
called the components3 of the force.
Notes:
1
on the other hand – с другой стороны;
2
resolution – разложение;
3
component – составляющая.
Text 4
The first steam-engine to do useful work was in England. The growing
coal-mining industry was in need of a mean for raising water from mines, a
means more efficient than manual or horse-drawn devices. So engineering
thought turned to the possibility of using steam for the purpose.
Small steam-turbines were employed in the United States in 1835 to
drive the rotary saws – at sawmills. But it was in the latter half of century that
rapid progress began in developing steam-turbines. There were several reasons
for this. First, more knowledge had been gained about the movement of gases.
Secondly, more machines had been developed that needed fast rotary
movement. This need increased particularly with the invention of the power
generator, with its swiftly revolving rotor. The steam-turbine became linked to
the generator in a single unit called a turbogenerator.
Soviet Russia produced its first turbogenerator in 1924.
