Английский язык для аспирантов и соискателей. Минакова Т.В. - 20 стр.

whose professors get the biggest research grants, publish most scientific papers, serve
on the most important government committees, win most of the scientific prizes, and
are most likely to be acknowledged as leaders in their fields … Ranking just below
these twelve are universities like Minnesota and Indiana and U.C.L.A. (University of
California at Los Angelos), where scientists and scholars of international renown are
also to be found, but in such dense clusters as at Harvard or Berkeley … This is not to
say that first-rate scientists are to be found only at first-rate universities - or that are
no second-rate people at Berkeley and M.I.T. But the brightest students, like the
brightest professors, tend to be found at the leading universities.

     1.4.3 Postdoctoral Study

      Although possession of a Ph. D. is supposed to signify that a scientist has
learned his trade as a researcher, it is now very common for young scientists to
continue in a quasi-student status for a year or two after they get their doctorates …
      Older scientists as a rule are very happy to take on postdoctoral students. The
postdoc, as he is sometimes called, is like an advanced graduate student in that he
does research under the general direction of an older man. But he usually needs much
less direction of an older man and he can therefore be much more helpful to an
experienced scientist who is eager to see his work pushed forward as rapidly as
possible… Postdoctoral trainees can have the further advantage of serving a professor
as a middleman in his dealing with his graduate students.
      For young scientists themselves, a year or two of postdoctoral study and
research has many attractions. For some it is a chance to make up for what they didn't
learn in graduate school. For scientists whose graduate training has been good, the
chief advantage of doing postdoctoral research is that it gives them a couple of years
in which they can put all their effort into research. A postdoctoral fellowship can also
be a relatively tranquil interlude between the pressures and intellectual restrictions of
life as a graduate student, and the competition and distractions of life as an assistant
professor. Many scientists go abroad, not because the training they get will
necessarily be better than they would get in the United States, but because a
postdoctoral fellowship gives them a chance to travel – often for the first time in their
lives.

     1.4.4 Read the following dialogue in parts

      Q: What do you do after you receive your bachelor’s degree?
      A: With a bachelor’s degree you can apply to a graduate school and start
working towards a master’s degree. If you have a bachelor’s degree you can also go
to a professional school.
      Q: What is professional school?
      A: Law and medical schools are considered professional schools. If you go to a
medical school it’s a four years program, basic program, and then you usually have
internship. You usually have to be on intern for a year. But it depends on your
speciality. If you’re going into surgery you may have another year. Well, anyway it
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