Химическая кинетика. Наумов А.В. - 19 стр.

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37
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɶɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɶɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ:
ʋ Na
2
S
2
O
3
, ɦɥ H
2
O, ɦɥ H
2
SO
4
, ɦɥ
1 15,0 0 15,0
2 10,0 5,0 15,0
3 7,5 7,5 15,0
4 5,0 10,0 15,0
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɨɬɛɟɪɢɬɟ 15,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na
2
S
2
O
3
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɟ ɜɨɡɶɦɢ-
ɬɟ 15,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢɥɟɣɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɦɭ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɭ. Ɋɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɣɬɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ,
ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ.
ɇɚɥɟɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ʋ 1 ɜ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ
ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚ 2/3 ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜ ɮɨɬɨ-
ɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ. ɋɧɢɦɚɣɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 15 (ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢɥɢ 30 ɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5–6 ɦɢɧ, ɡɚɩɢ-
ɫɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰ. H
2
S
2
O
3
, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
W, ɫ
Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ D
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɶɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɶɬɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ʋ 2, ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ,
ʋ 3 ɢ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ – ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ – ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɣɬɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɨɬɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɣɬɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
2. ȼ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɢɬɟ: ɜɨɞɧɭ – 5,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨ-
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ – 5,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ
Na
2
S
2
O
3
ɜɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɟ ɨ ɛ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ, ɧɚ-
ɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɞɨ 30 qC, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢɥɟɣɬɟ ɫɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɤ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɭ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫ-
ɬɢɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɫɬɚɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ
*
)
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
*)
Ɉɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. opalus) – ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɡɨɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ.
38
ɦɟɬɪɚ: ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɜɵɲɚɥɨ
2 qC.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɛ ɵ ɫ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟ-
ɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɨɬɥɟɣɬɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɥɹ
ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ-
ɦɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
1,50
0,05, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ. Ɂɚɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
t, qC W, ɫ
v¯, ɫ
–1
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 10q, 20q ɢ 40 qC. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠ-
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 10 qC ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɦɟɬɪ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ɉɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: 1) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ 2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ:
Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
ĺ H
2
S
2
O
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
S
2
O
3
2–
+ 2H
+
ĺ H
2
S
2
O
3
.
ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ (III.6) ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1-ɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ C
0
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ (ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ) ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ 2-ɦ – ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ C
0
(ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ), ɜɡɹ-
ɬɭɸ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ.
1. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ D ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
W ɩɪɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ C
0
(ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɟ). Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɋɟɥɟɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɬɚ,
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥ-
ɧɵ: I
d
~ O
–4
. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ (400 ɧɦ) ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ.
  ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɶɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɶɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-                    ɦɟɬɪɚ: ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ:                                                           ɜɵɲɚɥɨ 2 qC.
                                                                                           ɉɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɛ ɵ ɫ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟ-
              ʋ       Na2S2O3, ɦɥ        H2O, ɦɥ         H2SO4, ɦɥ                     ɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɨɬɥɟɣɬɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɥɹ
              1          15,0               0              15,0                        ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ-
              2          10,0              5,0             15,0                        ɦɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
                                                                                       1,50 0,05, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ. Ɂɚɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
              3           7,5              7,5             15,0
              4           5,0             10,0             15,0                                                   t, qC       W, ɫ      v̄ , ɫ–1
   Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɨɬɛɟɪɢɬɟ 15,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na2S2O3 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɟ ɜɨɡɶɦɢ-
ɬɟ 15,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢɥɟɣɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɦɭ                        ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 10q, 20q ɢ 40 qC. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠ-
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɨ ɞ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɪ ɟ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɨ ɩɭɫɬɢɜ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɭ. Ɋɟ-             ɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 10 qC ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨ-
ɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɣɬɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ,                   ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ.                                                              ɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
   ɇɚɥɟɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ʋ 1 ɜ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ                      ɦɟɬɪ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚ 2/3 ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜ ɮɨɬɨ-
ɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ. ɋɧɢɦɚɣɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ                      ɉɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ-
                                                                                       ɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: 1) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ 2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 15 (ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢɥɢ 30 ɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5–6 ɦɢɧ, ɡɚɩɢ-
ɫɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
                                                                                          Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ
                              ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰ. H2S2O3, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ                           ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ:
               W, ɫ                                                                                         Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 ĺ H2S2O3 + Na2SO4
                                  Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ D                               ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
                                                                                                                      S2O32– + 2H+ ĺ H2S2O3.

   ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɶɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɶɬɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ʋ 2, ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ,                  ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ʋ 3 ɢ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ – ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ – ɢɫ-               ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ (III.6) ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɣɬɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ                      ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɨɬɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ                   Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1-ɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɣɬɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.                     ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɢɨɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ C 0 ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ (ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ) ɬɟɦɩɟ-
   2. ȼ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɢɬɟ: ɜ ɨɞɧɭ – 5,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨ-                   ɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ 2-ɦ – ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ – 5,0 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ               ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ C 0 (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ), ɜɡɹ-
Na2S2O3 ɜɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɟ ɨ ɛ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ, ɧɚ-                  ɬɭɸ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ.
                                                                                          1. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ D ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɞɨ 30 qC, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢɥɟɣɬɟ ɫɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɤ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɭ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫ-                   W ɩɪɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ C 0 (ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɟ). Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɬɢɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɫɬɚɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ) . ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
                              *

                                                                                           ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɋɟɥɟɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɬɚ,
                                                                                       ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥ-
   *)
                                                                                       ɧɵ: Id ~ O–4. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
      Ɉɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. opalus) – ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-   ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɩ-
ɧɢɢ ɡɨɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ.         ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ (400 ɧɦ) ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ.

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