Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 37 стр.

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73
–ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ;
–ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɤɢ;
–ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɶɦɟ-
ɧɢɬ ɢ ɪɭɬɢɥ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɪɭɞɵ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ (ɮɥɨ-
ɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɬɚɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɟɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
900 – 950 °ɋ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɭɸ ɝɭɛɤɭ.
ɉɟɪɟɩɥɚɜ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ
ɜ ɜɨɞɨɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɞɧɨɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɤɭ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɥɢɬɶɹ
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 11. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɬɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɥɢɬɶɹ
Ʌɢɬɶɟ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ (ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ) ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦ
ɡɚɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɭɲɟɱɧɨ-ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ («ɉɭɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɢɡɛɚ»), ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɜ 1479 ɝ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɫɬɟ-
ɪɚ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɑɨɯɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɥ «ɰɚɪɶ-ɩɭɲɤɭ» ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 21,2 ɬ (1586 ɝ.), ɂɜɚɧ Ɇɨɬɨɪɢɧ
(1734 ɝ.) – «ɰɚɪɶ-ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥ» ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɬ. ȼ 1860 ɝ. ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɦ ɉ. Ɇ. Ɉɛɭ-
ɯɨɜɵɦ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɥɢɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɜɨɥ 12-ɮɭɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɭɲɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ
4000 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ, ɥɸɥɟɤ,
ɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ, ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɢɧɨɦɟɬɨɜ, ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
ɩɟɯɨɬɵ, ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨ. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɬɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟ-
ɬɚɥɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɥɢɬɶɹ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ – ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ (ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɨɣ.
74
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɨɣ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ
ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɬɨɧɧ; ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɱɭɝɭɧɵ, ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɵ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɢ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ), ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɚ-
ɥɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɨɣ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ), ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɦɢ.
ɀɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
(ɧɟɞɨɥɢɜ), ɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ ɛɪɚɤɭɟɬɫɹ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɭɦɢ-
ɧɵ, ɫɟɪɵɟ (ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ) ɱɭɝɭɧɵ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ.
ɍɫɚɞɤɚ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɭɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ :
k = (l
ɮ
-l
ɨɬ
)-100/l
ɨɬ
%,
ɝɞɟ l
ɮ
ɢ l
ɨɬ
– ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɭɫɚɞɤɭ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭ-
ɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨ-
ɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɭɫɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ 1,0–1,3%,ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ 1,2 – 2,4%, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ 2,5 – 3,0%,
ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɚ 1,0 – 1,5%, ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ 1,0 – 1,6%, ɥɚɬɭɧɟɣ
1,5 – 1,9%, ɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɡ 1,0 – 1,5%, ɛɟɡɨɥɨɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɡ 1,6 – 2,2%.
Ʌɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ – ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɜɤɢ. ɑɟɦ ɲɢɪɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ. ɉɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɥɢ-
ɬɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɹɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ. ȽɈɋɌ 18169–86 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɜɵɲɟ 50 ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɥɢɬɶɹ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ: ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ), ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɤɨɤɢɥɢ), ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ) –
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ

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