Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 39 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

УлГТУ | Ульяновск

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

77
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ-
ɜɵɯ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ.
ɉɨ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɭ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɰɟɯɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧɭ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ .
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɚ
ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɹɳɢɤ – ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ. ȼ ɦɟɥɤɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɟ-
ɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɹɳɢɤɢ; ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ – ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ, ɫɢɥɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ
ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.12 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɤ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚ-
ɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚ-
ɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ. ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɜɤɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɹɳɢɤɚɯ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɤ.
Ɋɢɫ.12 Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɟ: 1– ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ; 2, 4 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɤɢ;
3 – ɲɬɵɪɶ; 5– ɜɵɩɨɪ; 6 – ɤɚɧɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ; 7 – ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɲɚ;
8– ɫɬɨɹɤ; 9– ɲɥɚɤɨɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ; 10 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɤɚ (80–90 %), ɝɥɢɧɵ (12–8 %) ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɸɬ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɨɩɨɤɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɨɤɭ ɭɤɥɚ-
ɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɢ ɭɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɜɢɛpoɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɚ,
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɭ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɭ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
7, 8, 9, 10 (ɪɢɫ.12) ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɪ 5 ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ I ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ
ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɨɩɨɤɭ 4 ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ 2 ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɲɬɢɮɬɚɦɢ 3.
78
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ (ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ) ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ-
ɤɚɯ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɥɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚ-
ɸɬ, ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɭ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɢ ɨɩɨɤɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
Ɉɬɪɟɡɤɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɬɨɹɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɪɨɜ, ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɞɪ.) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɧɵɯ, ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ (14 – 16 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ); ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɟ-
ɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (R
z
320 ɢ ɝɪɭɛɟɟ); ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɫ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɚ-
ɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ; ɨɫɵɩɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɢ
ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ; ɪɚɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ; ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɵɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ (92 – 97%) ɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ
ɮɟɧɨɥɨɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɨɣ (ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɨɣ) ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɦɨɥɵ
(3 – 8%). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ 100
– 120°ɋ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɜɵɲɟ 160 ɋ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɟɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ (6–12 ɦɦ), ɩɪɨɱɧɭɸ, ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ
(ɤɨɪɤɭ).
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɟ (ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ) ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
ɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɋȺɍ, ɬɹɝɚɱɟɣ, ɬɚɧɤɨɜ, ɦɨɬɨ-
ɰɢɤɥɨɜ; ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɤɨɜ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ; ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨ-
ɥɟɫ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ɍɟɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɧɵɦ (ɧɚɢ-
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ (ɪɢɫ.13):
–ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ 4 ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ;
–ɧɚɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɞɨ 250°ɋ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɟ 1 ɫɤɨɛɚɦɢ 3 (ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
I) ɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 180° (ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ II); ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟ-
ɬɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ;
–ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨ-
ɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɪɵɯɥɭɸ (ɩɨɥɭɫɵɪɭɸ) ɤɨɪɨɱɤɭ; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɡɚ 15 – 20 ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɤɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 8 – 12ɦɦ.
Ȼɭɧɤɟɪ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ 3), ɥɢɲɧɹɹ ɮɨɪɦɨ-
ɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɡ, ɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2 – 3 ɦɢɧ ɜ
ɩɟɱɶ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 250 – 300°ɋ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɥɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ

Страницы