Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 41 стр.

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81
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦɢ). Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɹɳɢɤ ɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɨɛɶɸ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɤɭ ɨɬɛɢɜɚɸɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɜɵɳɟɥɚ-
ɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ 120°ɋ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɨɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɜ, ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ (10 – 12
ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ), ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜ-
ɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɒɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ (R
ɝ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 ɦɤɦ).
ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ:
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɮɨɪɦɨɜɵ-
ɜɚɸɬ. ɇɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨ-
ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ
ɫɨɥɟɣ (NaNO
3
, KNɈ
3
ɢɞɪ.). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɬɭɬɢ. ɀɢɞɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɬɚɦɩ ɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ – ɤɨɤɢɥɢ.
Ɋɢɫ.15 . Ʉɨɤɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɫɧɚɪɹɞɚ
Ʉɨɤɢɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɱɭɝɭɧɧɭɸ, ɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ) ɪɚɡɴɟɦ-
ɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɪɢɫ.15 ). Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɲɬɵɪɹɦɢ 2; ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ 6 ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɭ 5. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɨɪɭ 7.
Ƚɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɩɨɪ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
0,2 – 0,5 ɦɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ). ɉɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɜ-
ɤɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ (ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ).
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ: ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɥɢɜɨɤ (ɨɬ
82
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɞɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ); ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (11 – 12 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ) ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (R
z
40);
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ʌɢɬɶɸ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ); ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ (ɧɟɞɨɥɢɜ) ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɛɟɥɚ ɭ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ (ɥɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ); ɩɪɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ.
Ɍɟɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
–ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ ɤ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ (ɨɛɞɭɜ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɱɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ). Ɉɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɚ
ɫɥɨɟɦ 0,3 – 0,8 ɦɦ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 50 - 100 ɡɚɥɢɜɨɤ; ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɟɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ - ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ (ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ).
–ɋɛɨɪɤɚ ɤɨɤɢɥɹ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ.
–ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨ 100–500°ɋ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭ-
ɱɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ,
– Ɂɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
– ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɥɢ ɜɵɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
– Ɉɛɪɭɛɤɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ.
ȼɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɤɨɤɢɥɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɥɢ-
ɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɜɵɟɦɤɚ (ɜɵɛɢɜɤɚ) ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢ-
ɜɨɤ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ (ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɤɚ-
ɦɟɪɭ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨ-
ɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɢ), ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɜ , ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɛɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɜ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ.) ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ (ɨɬ 0,8 ɦɦ),
ɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ, ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɶɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɦɢ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ (8 – 12 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ) ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (R
z
=l2,5 - 2 ɦɤɦ); ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ.
Ʉɱɢɫɥɭɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ: ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ; ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɯ

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