Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 40 стр.

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79
ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɢɩɨ-
ɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɭ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɢ
ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɞɪɨɛɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ
(ɪɢɫ.13).
Ɋɢɫ.13 . Ȼɭɧɤɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɨɪɦ
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ ɜ ɡɟɦ-
ɥɸ: ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (12 – 14 ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ) ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
(R
ɝ
160–40); ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɬ ɝɥɢɧɵ), ɱɬɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɛɪɚɤ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚɦ; ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ (ɜ 20–30 ɪɚɡ); ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɬɶ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ (ɞɨ 500 ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɜ ɱɚɫ).
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ (ɞɨ 300 ɤɝ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱ-
ɧɨ ɞɨ 50 – 80 ɤɝ); ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɥɵ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɨɜ ɥɢɬɶɹ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡ
ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ, ɰɟɪɟɡɢɧ, ɜɨɫɤ, ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɵ-
ɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ.
Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɶɢɯ
ɪɭɠɟɣ, ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɸɜɟɥɢɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨ ɜɵ-
ɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 14.
80
ɚ, ɛ - ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɜ - ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɝ -ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɞ - ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ
Ɋɢɫ.14 . ɋɯɟɦɚ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ (ɪɢɫ.14 ɚ,
ɛ) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɉɋ50–50 (50% ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɚ ɢ 50% ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧɚ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɍɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ 50–58 °ɋ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɞɨ HRC 50 ɢ ɯɪɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɩɪɢɩɚɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɧɨɠɨɦ ɤ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɥɢɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɪɢɫ.14 ɜ). ȼ
ɨɞɢɧ ɛɥɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 100 ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
Ʌɢɬɟɣɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ, ɧɚɥɢɬɭɸ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɟɣ ɨɛɫɵɩɤɨɣ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ. ɋɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɪɭɧɞɚ,
ɰɢɪɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɫɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ – ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɢɥɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɤɪɨɲɤɨɣ ɲɚɦɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɨɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɢ ɫɭɲɚɬ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 3 – 8 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ
ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 6 ɦɦ.
ȼɵɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɚɯ ɫ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
(85 – 90 ɋ), ɥɢɛɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ (ɩɚɪɨɦ). ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 90 – 95 %. Ƚɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 850 –
900°ɋ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɸɬ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ.

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