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ɜɵɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɨɪɟɰ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ
ɭɝɥɨɦ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 90°) ɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɪɟɧ ɤ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɤɚ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚ-
ɟɬ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɵɤɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ; ɦɚɪɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵ-
ɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɚɪ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɢɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɫɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ. ɇɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɚɯ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɲɨɜ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦ
(ɪɢɫ.35).
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɜɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɧɨɫɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢ-
ɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɤɢ. ɇɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɨɱɤɭ, ɡɚɤɚɩɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɟ ɲɜɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 35. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ:
ɚ, ɛ — ɜɢɞɢɦɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɣ ɲɜɵ, ɜ - ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ;
1 - ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ, 2 — ɩɨɥɤɚ,
3 ɢ 4— ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɲɜɨɜ
ɉɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ (ɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɤɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ
ɲɜɚ, ɢɩɨɞɧɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ).
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɲɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ :
- ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɲɜɨɜ;
- ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɦ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ;
- ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ);
- ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ, ɬɚɜɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ — ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɲɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ;
- ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ (ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ), ɲɚɝɚ ɢ
ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɲɚɯɦɚɬɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ;
- ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ .
124
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɜɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɲɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɧɹɬɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɵ-
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ɋ
– ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ (ɲɬɭɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ);
Ɏ
– ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɥɸɫɚ;
ɍɉ
– ɫɜɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ (ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ)
ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ;
ɂɉ
– ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ;
ɂɇ
– ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɧɟɩɥɚɜɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ;
Ƚ
– ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ;
ɉɥ
– ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ;
ɗɅ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ– ɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ.
Ȼɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɲɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɢɠɨɝɨɜ.
ɋɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ
ɧɟɩɪɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɒɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɲɜɚ b; ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɲɜɚ ɇ; ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ ɲɜɚ K (ɞɥɹ
ɬɚɜɪɨɜɵɯ, ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ).
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɉɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ
ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ.ɋɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 22465
– 70.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 77 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ: 6 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ, 30 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɥɟɝɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɢ 41 ɦɚɪɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ.
ȼ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2,5 ɞɨ 10% ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɵɲɟ 10%.
Ȼɭɤɜɵ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ:
ɋɜ
– ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ;
08
– 0,8% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ);
Ⱥ
– ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ȺȺ– ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ
ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ;
Ƚ
– ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸ-
ɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɪɤɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɋɜ08Ƚɋ ɪɚɫ-
ɲɢɮɪɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɋɜ–ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ
0,8% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɞɨ 1% ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɞɨ 1% ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ.
ɋɜɚɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ: 0,3; 0,6; 0,8;
1,0; 1,4; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 8,0; 10,0; 12,0 ɦɦ.
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