Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 64 стр.

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127
— ɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɤ ɧɢɦ:
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɝɢ;
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɜɚ;
— ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ;
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ — ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɜ;
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ;
— ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ;
— ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
— ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ):
— ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɞɨ 60 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ
2
(ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ —
ɍ);
— ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɪɵɜɭ ɫɜɵɲɟ 60 ɤɝɫ/ɦɦ
2
(Ʌ);
— ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ (Ɍ);
— ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ȼ);
— ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɇ);
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɫ
ɬɨɩɤɢɦ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ, ɬɨɥɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ-
ɦɢ Ɇ, ɋ, Ⱦ, Ƚ).
ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
— ɫ ɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ⱥ);
— c ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ (ɂ);
— ɫ ɪɭɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ (Ɋ);
— ɫ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ (ɐ);
— ɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ);
— ɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɉ).
ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
— ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɟɪɬɢ-
ɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ.
— ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ;
— ɞɥɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɜ «ɥɨɞɨɱɤɭ».
128
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ɉɚɣɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 19. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɣɤɢ
ɉɚɣɤɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨ-
ɜɨɤ ɛɟɡ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɩɨɟɦ ɫ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɹ ɫɨ-
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɹɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɦ. ɉɚɹɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɝɥɟ-
ɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ,
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɜɤɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-
ɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɩɨɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ.
ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɩɚɣɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ
ɢ ɧɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ. ɉɪɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ
ɫɢɥ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ
ɩɪɢɩɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɩɚɣɤɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɤɭ. ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɜɚ ɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ-ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ, ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɮɥɸɫɨɜɭɸ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮ-
ɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ ɢ ɩɚɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɞɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɹɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɭɫɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ-ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɹɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɮɥɸɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɣɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ) ɢ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɚɣɤɟ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɮɥɸɫɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɩɨɟɦ Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɮɥɸɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɣɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɩɨɹ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɩɨɟɦ. Ʉ ɧɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɚɣɤɚ-ɫɜɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ-ɩɚɣɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɚɣɤɟ-ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɩɨɣ .ɉɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ-ɩɚɣɤɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ
ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜ-
ɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ-

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