Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 91 стр.

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181
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ, ɤɚɫɬɨɪɨ-
ɜɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɨɜɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ — ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɭ-
ɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɚɠɚ, ɫɟɪ-
ɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɮɟɧɨɥɵ); ɫɦɚɡɤɢ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɦɚɫɫ (ɜɨɫɤ, ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧ, ɨɥɟɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ); ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ — ɨɯɪɚ, ɯɪɨɦ, ɪɨɞɚɦɢɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ -
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚ-
ɡɨɜ, ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɦɨɥɭ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɦɚ-
ɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ (ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ —
0,9–0,8 ɝ/ɫɦ
3
), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ; ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ; ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ;. ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɚ-
ɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ– ɥɢɬɶɟɦ, ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɫɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ 0,90–0,95.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ: ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɨɫɬɶ; ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ; ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ:
ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ —60 ɞɨ
+200°C, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ 300—400°ɋ; ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜ
500–600 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ), ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɬɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɯ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ; ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ — ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɞ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ — ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ —
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ: ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ — ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ — ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤ-
ɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨ-ɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢ-
ɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɚɪɤɭ ɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ.
182
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 28. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ.
ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɫɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ ɫɦɨɥ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɦɨɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢ-
ɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɢ
ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨɦ (ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶɸ).
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ-
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ ɥɨɞɨɤ ɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɭɡɨɜɨɜ ɚɜɬɨ-
ɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ, ɝɢɩɫɨ-
ɜɵɯ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚ-
ɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
ɇɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ
(ɧɢɬɪɨɥɚɤ, ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɷɮɢɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɨɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ
ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɬɵ. ɉɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ
ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɯɨɪɨ-
ɲɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɧɚɩɨɥɢɢɬɟɥɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ-
ɧɚɩɨɥɢɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵ-
ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10—12 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚ-
ɟɬ, ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
ȼɢɯɪɟɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɪɭɛɢɬɫɹ ɭɫɬ-
ɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɲɥɚɧɝɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɭɥɶɜɟɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ — ɩɨɥɢ-
ɷɮɢɪɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɇɚɦɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜ-
ɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɦɨɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨɥɟɧɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ. ɇɚɦɨɬ-
ɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɟɬɤɢ.
ɋɧɹɬɚɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɨɥɵ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɥ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 15 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɞɨ 1 ɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 3 ɦɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫ ɬɨɥ-
ɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ 5–7 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 75–120 ɦɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 6 ɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨ

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