Практикум по английскому языку (по истории Англии Средних веков). Пилипенко В.А - 11 стр.

                    ÒÅÊÑÒ II / TEXT II
                   ENGLISH CONQUEST
       At this period England began to occupy the
attention of the Danish fleet. They had already
developed new methods of war. The English were
in comparison, poorly armed. And only thanks to
the military genius of Alfred, the king of England
the Danes were defeated. The activity of Alfred the
Great was directed to securing his kingdom against
future invaders. The extent of Alfred’s work in
various fields is remarkable and its thoroughness is
attested by the long period        of peace, which
followed his death.
       Three generations after the death of Alfred
are generations of English culture and setting of
institutions. The now complete break-up of the          ðàçðóøåíèå
tribal structure had been accompanied by an
advance towards feudalism. During the 10th c. the
consolidation of England into a single kingdom
went hand in hand with the creation of an
organization into shires. In the sphere of justice,     ãðàôñòâà,
also great strides were made in the direction of        ïðàâîñóäèå
feudalism by way of the delegation of royal rights to   ïåðåäà÷à
powerful individuals. The main agricultural unit —
the manor. The thing which is characteristic of the
manor, a servile peasantry. A man without land was
neither free nor unfree. A free man was one who
held land on condition of military service , or one     âëàäåë
who paid a money rent. The serf or villein was he       äåíåæíàÿ
who held land on condition of performing                ðåíòà
agricultural labour on his lord’s land, he who was
bound to the soil, whereas the freeman could leave      áûë ïðèâÿçàí
his land.                                               ê çåìëå




                                 11