Практикум по истории языка (древнеанглийский период). Пятышина Т.Г - 12 стр.

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12
It has been found that during the Common Germanic period all the
consonants were altered as compared to the original Indo-European
state.
The most important of these changes is commonly known as the
Common Germanic or FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT. These changes
were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by Jacob Grimm, a
German linguist of the 19th c. and therefore are often referred to as
"Grimm's Law".
When we compare words of Germanic origin with the corresponding
words of other I.-E. languages (mainly Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Russian)
we find correspondences between them, which may be grouped under
3 categories:
1. Voiceless stops correspond to voiceless fricatives;
2. Voiced stops correspond to voiceless stops;
3. Aspirated stops correspond to voiced stops.
It should be noted that not all correspondences, stated in Grimm's
Law, are equally clear: we could not find convincing examples to illustrate
the correspondences IE b – Germanic p. For some reason, the consonant p
is very rare in native Germanic words. Still all correspondences can be
represented in the following table:
Tаble 1. GRIMM’S LAW
SOUNDS
EXAMPLES
IE
Germc.
Indo-European words
Germanic words
p
t
k
f
θ
h
Lat. pater "father"
Lat. tres "tree"
Greek nykta "night"
Gothic fadar
English tree
Germ. Nacht
b
d
g
p
t
k
Russian "boloto" – "moor"
Lat. duo "two"
Lat. iugum "yoke"
English pool
English two
English yoke
bh
dh
gh
b
d
g
Sanscr. bhratar "brother"
Sanscr. madhyas "middle"
Lat. hostis "enemy"
NB: In this case we do not
find correspondences in
Sanscrit.
English brother
Gothic midjis
Gothic gasts

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