My speciality. Шепелева М.А - 36 стр.

containing a pinhead-sized piece of silicon had to be soldered to a circuit board.
The entire manufacturing process, from transistor to circuit board, was expensive
and cumbersome.
        These facts of life were beginning to create problems in the computer
industry. Early second-generation computers contained about 10,000 transistors.
This figure grew to the hundreds of thousands, making the manufacture of newer,
more powerful machines increasingly difficult.
        In 1958 came the achievement that revolutionized electronics and started
the era of microelectronics: the invention of the integrated circuit. It is the
integrated circuit that defines the third generation of computers. In this section we
provide a brief introduction to the technology of integrated circuits. Then, we look
at perhaps the two most important members of the third generation, both of which
were introduced at the beginning of that era: the IBM System/360 and the DEC
PDP-8.

       Read the text, translate it:

         Like the record companies, news services primarily provide individual
pieces of completed content, which the electronic media then as semble into
packages to meet their own needs. As the radio format assembles music selections
into a succession of on-air hours, so the newscast puts together a number of news
service stories to serve the particular interests of its listener or viewership.
         A large outlet (a network or a major market station, for example) gathers
most of the news it uses itself, relying on outside services only for supplemental
material originating outside the area covered by its own reporters. The smaller the
outlet, however, the greater is its dependence on news products from other sources.
A music-heavy I'M station„ for example, may air only brief newscasts that consist
ol' nothing more than printed wire service copy "ripped and read" by the station's
talent An alternative may be voiced audio feeds from the same outside supplier that
require only the throwing of a switch to transmit In the United States, the two
major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and the financially troubled
United Press International (DPI). With bureaus and cooperating agencies all over
the world as well as in every region of the country, AP and UPI offer stations (and
a small but increasing number of local cable news shows) a wealth of up-to-
theminute material at a very economical cost. Both services strive to outdo each
other in making their supplied content user-friendly so that stations can plug it into
their own news programs with the least possible investment of time and personnel.
AP and UI'I wares include everything from the conventional wire copy to complete
voiced newscasts and supplementary audio actualities to spice up a local outlet's
own leatures.
         With the easy availability of satellite communications and small dishes to
receive them, a number of video news exchanges have also arisen to provide
television outlets with a wealth of visual news inserts. Some of these news
exchanges, such as Visnews, sell their services for a set fee; others, like Hubbard