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development of radio technology. On the other hand, most of this attention was
devoted to the telegraphy aspect of the enterprise. Armies and governments were
much more concerned about increasing their ability to send and detect dots and
dashes than they were about generating the curiosity that was voice
communication. Nevertheless, by 1915 the U.S. Navy was conducting transatlantic
voice tests from its Arlington, Virginia, station. Because the United States was not
yet at war, such experimentation could still be accommodated and helped keep
interest in the radio telephone alive.
While the Marconi company was trying to decipher this fantastic notion, ee
De Forest had improved his Audion tube to the point at which it could function as
an oscillator (a Hertzian wave generator). This meant that the Audion could now
be used in the radio transmission process as well as in reception. Setting up a
transmitter in his Bronx, New York, home, De Forest tested his improved system
by airing phonograph recordings and such live singers as could be convinced to
perform into his microphone. De Forest even sent out the 1916 election night
returns with the help of a special tie line from one of the New York City
newspapers. With the entry of the United States into the warm 1917, most radio
telephony advances had military point-to-point objectives rather than civilian
entertainment goals. Bell System engineers pioneered the transmission of
conversations between airplanes and ground stations as well as plane-to-plane
exchanges.' Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy took over all wire-less telegraphy stations
not already under Army control, enlisting these facilities in various phases of the
war effort Even though any thought of radio as a public entertainment medium was
thus pushed into the background, the war years did advance the cause of modern
radio in two significant ways. First, the needs of the military stimulated a rapid
increase in wireless research and development This development was relevant to
voice as well as code communication. Second, the armed forces trained thousands
of young men in the operation and maintenance of wireless systems. At the war's
end, these servicemen comprised an already-trained pool of engineering talent on
whom an emerging radio industry could draw in the years ahead. Nevertheless, the
1918 Armistice did not signal a sudden explosion of radio service for the U.S.
public. Most wireless companies saw their business as a future of point-to-point
communication, with voice transmissions serving as an extension of the telephone.
The old De Forest and even older Fessenden activities were seen as little more than
sidebar curiosities. Further, the financial troubles experienced by both of these men
(as well as by others) seemed indicative of what would befall anyone seeking to
make the wireless more than a vehicle for data transmission by government and
commerce.
Conrad Builds a Business However, the postwar United States was ready
for something more, as events in Pittsburgh soon proved. There, Westinghouse
I,lectric Company engineer Frank Conrad was operating a small radio telephony
station in his garage as a field extension of his laboratory experiments in the
factory. While Con- tad transmitted, an assistant checked signal strength and
quality from a variety of area locations. As a means of putting something on the
development of radio technology. On the other hand, most of this attention was
devoted to the telegraphy aspect of the enterprise. Armies and governments were
much more concerned about increasing their ability to send and detect dots and
dashes than they were about generating the curiosity that was voice
communication. Nevertheless, by 1915 the U.S. Navy was conducting transatlantic
voice tests from its Arlington, Virginia, station. Because the United States was not
yet at war, such experimentation could still be accommodated and helped keep
interest in the radio telephone alive.
While the Marconi company was trying to decipher this fantastic notion, ee
De Forest had improved his Audion tube to the point at which it could function as
an oscillator (a Hertzian wave generator). This meant that the Audion could now
be used in the radio transmission process as well as in reception. Setting up a
transmitter in his Bronx, New York, home, De Forest tested his improved system
by airing phonograph recordings and such live singers as could be convinced to
perform into his microphone. De Forest even sent out the 1916 election night
returns with the help of a special tie line from one of the New York City
newspapers. With the entry of the United States into the warm 1917, most radio
telephony advances had military point-to-point objectives rather than civilian
entertainment goals. Bell System engineers pioneered the transmission of
conversations between airplanes and ground stations as well as plane-to-plane
exchanges.' Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy took over all wire-less telegraphy stations
not already under Army control, enlisting these facilities in various phases of the
war effort Even though any thought of radio as a public entertainment medium was
thus pushed into the background, the war years did advance the cause of modern
radio in two significant ways. First, the needs of the military stimulated a rapid
increase in wireless research and development This development was relevant to
voice as well as code communication. Second, the armed forces trained thousands
of young men in the operation and maintenance of wireless systems. At the war's
end, these servicemen comprised an already-trained pool of engineering talent on
whom an emerging radio industry could draw in the years ahead. Nevertheless, the
1918 Armistice did not signal a sudden explosion of radio service for the U.S.
public. Most wireless companies saw their business as a future of point-to-point
communication, with voice transmissions serving as an extension of the telephone.
The old De Forest and even older Fessenden activities were seen as little more than
sidebar curiosities. Further, the financial troubles experienced by both of these men
(as well as by others) seemed indicative of what would befall anyone seeking to
make the wireless more than a vehicle for data transmission by government and
commerce.
Conrad Builds a Business However, the postwar United States was ready
for something more, as events in Pittsburgh soon proved. There, Westinghouse
I,lectric Company engineer Frank Conrad was operating a small radio telephony
station in his garage as a field extension of his laboratory experiments in the
factory. While Con- tad transmitted, an assistant checked signal strength and
quality from a variety of area locations. As a means of putting something on the
