Science for University Students. Part II. Translations. Сологуб Л.И. - 38 стр.

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into the other since translation requires the ability to think in both languages.
(This is possible on condition that pupils have ample practice for speaking,
hearing, reading, and writing in the target language.)
To meet the programme requirements translation must now be utilized:
1. As a means of conveying the meaning of a word, a phraseological group,
a grammar form, and a sentence pattern alongside with other means; translation
being the most economical method from the point of view of the time required.
For example: a flower — цветок; Pete's brother — Петин брат; He
happened to be busy — Случилось так, что он был занят.
Besides, translation ensures comprehension of a new language item.
For example: to go — уезжать, уходить, т. е. двигаться (передвигаться)
от какого-либо места; to come — приходить, приезжать, т. е. двигаться к
какому-либо месту; I am writing — Я пишу (сейчас, в данный момент).
Translation as a means of conveying the meaning may be used in two
ways: translation proper and translation-interpretation.
The teacher uses translation proper when, for example, a new word has a
more or less exact equivalent in the other language, e. g., a flower — цветок. No
interpretation is needed.
The teacher uses translation-interpretation when there
is something peculiar, specific about a word presented. It may be:
(a) an absence of an equivalent
For example, meal — (1) принятие пищи (Breakfast is the first meal.
We have 3—4 meals a day. —Мы едим 3—4 раза в день. Hence there is an
expression meat-time:. What is your usual meal-time — Когда вы обычно
едите?); (2) пища, которую принимают, едят (Make a meal of bread and
butter. — Поешьте хлеба c маслом. He always enjoys his meals.—Он всегда с
удовольствие ест.)
to rain (snow)—такого глагола в русском языке нет (it rains — идет
дождь; it snows —идет снег)
(b) difference in the extent of meaning
For example, to go — передвигаться (удаляться от...) любым
средством, двигаться, доходить до ..., to drive — вести что-либо (машину,
автобус, троллейбус и др.). Hence driver — водитель, вагоновожатый,
шофер, машинист; raw — сырой, необработанный; raw material—сырье;
raw meat — сырое мясо
(с) difference in usage, i. e., a word forms specific combinations which do
not exist in the Russian language. For example, heavy rain, to pay attention, to
meet requirements, etc.
2. As a means of ensuring comprehension of difficult points in a text —
through analysis and translation pupils gain comprehension, as is the case when
they are given a text too difficult to understand without analysis and translation.
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