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eventually evolved into s wims uit photography with the help of Sports Illus trated and
swimsuit photographers around the world.
The first bikinis were introduced just after World War II. Early e xamples were not very
different from the women's two pieces common s ince the 1920s, except that they had a gap
below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff. They were named after Bikini
Atoll, the site of nuclear weapons tests, for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer.
Through the 1950s , it was thought proper for the lower part of the bikini to come up high
enough to cover the navel.
From the 1960s on the bikini shrank in all directions until it sometimes covered little
more than the nipples and genitalia, although less revealing models giving more support to
the breasts remained popular. At the same time, Fas hion designer Rudi Gernreich
introduced the monokini, a topless suit for women consisting of a modest bottom supported
by two thin straps . Although not a commerc ial s uccess , the suit opened eyes to new des ign
poss ibilities .
In the 1980s the thong or "tanga" came out of Brazil, s aid to have been inspired by
traditional garments of native tribes in the Amazon.
Text 10. Human skin color
Human skin color can range from almost black to pinkish white in different people. In
general, people with ancestors from sunny regions have darker skin than people with
ancestors from regions with less sunlight. (However, this is complicated by the fact that
there are people whose ancestors come from both sunny and less-sunny regions; and these
people may have skin colors across the spectrum.) On average, women have slightly lighter
skin than men.
Skin color is determined by the amount and type of the pigment melanin in the skin.
Melanin comes in two types: phaeomelanin (red to yellow) and eumelanin (dark brown to
black). Both amount and type are determined by four to six genes which operate under
incomplete dominance. One copy of each of those genes is inherited from the father and one
from the mother. Each gene comes in several alleles, resulting in a great variety of different
s kin colors .
Dark s kin protects agains t s kin cancer, mutations in s kin cells induced by ultraviolet
light. Light-skinned persons have about a tenfold greater risk of dying from skin cancer
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