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TOPIC 2. CHARACTER, PERSONALITY, PS YCOLO GY
Text 1. Ps ychological views
Questions concerning the mystery of human emotion were the territory of a number of
disciplines until the development of modern psychology. Over the last century,
psychologically-based theories have provided influential, if incomplete explanations of how
emotional experience is produced.
• The James-Lange theory propos es that cons cious conclusions about what we are
"feeling" form in reaction to physiological changes occurring in the body. This was
propos ed by Willia m Ja mes and Carl Lange independently in the 1880s.
• The Cannon-Bard Approach proposes that the lower brain initially receives emotion-
producing information and then relays it simultaneously to the higher cortex for
interpretation and to the nervous system to trigger physiological responses.
• The Schachter-Singer Approach gives highest importance to the cognitive s kills that
create an interpretation of the situation and so provide a framework for the individual's
behavioral response.
• The Opponent-Process Approach views emotions as sets of pairs, one positive and
one negative. When an emotion-producing stimulus is present, one of the pair is suppressed
so that the more situationally appropriate emotion is felt intensely.
The feeling component of emotion encompasses a vast spectrum of possible responses.
Psychologists have attempted to offer general classifications of these responses, and as with
the colour spectrum, systematically distinguishing between them largely depends on the
level of precision desired. One of the most influential classification approaches is Robert
Plutchik's eight primary emotions - anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, curiosity,
acceptance and joy. Plutchik argues for the primacy of these emotions by showing each to
be the trigger of behaviour with high survival value (i.e. fear: fight or flight).
Principally involved in the physiological component of emotion are: the autonomic
nervous system (ANS), the limbic system, and the hypothalamus. Fear, in particular learned
fear, is thought to depend on the amygdala.

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