Традиции, обычаи и праздники Китая (Traditions, Customs and Festivals of China). Сухомлинова С.И - 28 стр.

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8. The gunpowder was invented in Japan.
9. Postage stamps of different firecrackers were issued in China in
1981.
Text 1. Fancy Lanterns (Caideng)
Fancy lanterns, a special handicraft product of Chinese tradition,
are widely used for decorations in the country on festivals and
holidays, on weddings and other personal celebrations.
On the whole, they consist of a frame made of metal wire or
bamboo strips covered with paper or thin gauze and then painted over
to be attractive. There is also a kind with a collapsible redwood frame
that can be taken apart and folded up when not in use; it makes a good
tourist souvenir.
Many types of traditional lanterns fit with the description of
“fancy”; those commonly seen include palace lanterns, lanterns with
revolving figures, gauze lanterns, wall lanterns and glass silk lanterns.
Those hung on the Tower of Tian’anmen are red gauze lanterns of
unusual size. In old times they were commonly called qishifeng deng
(the lantern that enrages the wind) because, coated with fish glue, it
was windproof while allowing the candle light to shine through.
Today, of course, electric lights have long replaced the candles.
Outstanding among various lanterns is the one with revolving
figures known as zouma deng in the country. It usually looks like a
pretty paper pavilion with upturned eaves and corners. It is ringed by
a number of coloured figures of men and animals, or a panoramic
landscape of mountains, rivers and flowers, either painted on or cut in
paper, that revolve like a merry-go-round.
The kind of “roundabout” lantern may be traced to the Tang and
Song dynasties about 1,000 years ago. The figures or pictures stand
on the circumference of a wire frame which is fastened at the center to
a vertical shaft pasted with paper vanes. Propelled by the heated air
from the lit candle, the vanes turn the shaft, making the frame with the
figures revolve. Today this kind of lantern has become more elaborate
and beautiful, but the basic structure remains the same. It shows that
the Chinese already grasped in ancient times the principle of
transforming the current hot air into mechanical revolution.
A series of special postage stamps of various lanterns was issued
by the Chinese postal authorities in 1981. Totalling six pieces, they
show fancy lanterns of different shapes: a flower basket, a coloured 
8. The gunpow der was inve nted in J apan.
9. Postage sta mps o f d iffere nt firecrackers were iss ued in C hina in
1981.

                      Text 1. Fancy La nter ns (Caideng)
       Fa nc y la nterns, a spec ia l ha nd icra ft prod uct o f C hinese trad it io n,
are wide ly used for decorat io ns in t he co unt ry o n fest iva ls a nd
ho lida ys, on wedd ings a nd ot her persona l ce lebrat io ns.
       On t he w ho le, t he y co ns ist o f a fra me made o f meta l w ire o r
ba mboo strips co vered w it h paper o r t hin ga uze a nd t he n pa inted o ve r
to be attract ive. There is a lso a k ind wit h a co llaps ib le redwood fra me
that ca n be take n apart a nd fo lded up whe n not in use; it makes a good
to urist so uve nir.
       Many t ypes o f trad it io na l la nterns fit w it h t he descript io n o f
“ fanc y”; t hose co mmo nly seen inc l ude pa lace la nte rns, la nte rns w it h
revo lving figures, ga uze la nte rns, w all la nterns a nd glass s ilk la nterns.
Those hung o n t he Tower o f Tia n’a nme n are red ga uze la nterns o f
unus ua l s ize. In o ld t imes t he y we re co mmo nly ca lled qishi feng den g
(t he la ntern t hat e nra ges t he w ind ) because, coated w it h fis h glue, it
was windp roo f w hile allow ing t h e cand le light t o shine t hro ugh.
Toda y, o f co urse, electric lights ha ve lo ng rep laced t he ca nd les.
       Outsta nd ing a mo ng va rio us la nte rns is t he o ne w it h re vo lvin g
figures k now n as zouma deng in t he co untry. It us ua lly looks like a
prett y paper pa vilio n w it h up t urned eaves and corners. It is ringed b y
a numbe r o f co lo ured figures o f me n a nd a nima ls, o r a pa nora mic
la ndscape o f mo unta ins, rive rs and flowers, eit he r pa inted o n or c ut in
paper, that re vo lve like a merry-go-ro und.
       The k ind o f “ ro undabo ut” la ntern ma y be traced to t he Ta ng a nd
So ng d ynast ies abo ut 1,000 years ago. The figures or p ict ures stand
on t he c irc umfe re nce o f a w ire fra me whic h is faste ned at t he ce nter to
a vert ica l s ha ft pasted w it h paper va nes. Prope lled b y t he heated air
fro m t he lit ca nd le, t he va nes t urn t he s ha ft, mak ing t he fra me w it h t he
figures re vo lve. Toda y t his k ind o f la ntern has beco me more e lab orate
and beaut iful, b ut t he basic st ruct ure re ma ins t he sa me. It s hows t hat
the C hinese alread y grasped in anc ie nt t imes t he p rinc ip le o f
tra ns for ming t he c urre nt hot a ir into mec ha nica l re vo lut io n.
       A series o f spec ia l posta ge sta mps o f vario us la nte rns was iss ue d
by t he C hinese posta l a ut horit ies in 1981. To ta lling s ix p ieces, the y
show fa nc y la nterns o f d iffere nt shapes : a flowe r basket, a colo ured


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