Традиции, обычаи и праздники Китая (Traditions, Customs and Festivals of China). Сухомлинова С.И - 29 стр.

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ball, dragon-and-phoenix, a treasure box, grass-and-flower, and a
peony plant. The designers, employing techniques of traditional “fine
brushwork”, gave the pictures a dazzling brilliance and brought them
to life.
Text 2. Firecrackers (Bianpao)
The sound of firecrackers is a distinctive feature on Chinese
festivals and joyous personal occasions. Firecrackers are called by
various names at different times and in different parts of the country.
At the very beginning, crackers were used to scare away wild beasts,
especially a legendary unicorn called nian, which appeared regularly
at the end of winter or beginning of spring, wreaking great havoc
among the people. That was long before the invention of gunpowder,
and people burnt dry bamboo sticks to produce the explosive sound.
So first crackers were called baozhu (cracking bamboo), which is still
the name in some books.
Incidentally, nian, the name of the animal which appeared at
early intervals, came to mean “year”. And the custom of letting off
firecrackers at the New Year has become deep-rooted in all parts of
the country. The beginning of the custom can be traced in written
history at least 2,000 years ago.
When the gunpowder was invented in China, it was used to fill in
bamboo tubes and, when lighted, produced loud explosions.
Firecrackers came to be called baozhang (exploding sticks), a name is
still used in certain regions. According to the Song Dynasty work
Origins of Things the first scientist who used gunpowder in crackers
was Mao Jun of the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-265), which
puts their beginning at 1,700 years ago.
Baozhang led to the earliest crackers of gunpowder rolled in
paper, which could give out single explosion only. The double-bang
ertijiao and stringed firecrackers bianpao came as later innovations.
The “double-bang” is a tight paper roll composed of two powder-filled
chambers; the first explosion bursts the bottom chamber and sends the
cracker up into the air and then the second explodes, making a loud
and far-reaching report. Modern times have witnessed further
improvements of the traditional firecrackers. Colour-luminescent
chemicals are added into gunpowder, and the firework shells fired up
by cannons explode high in the air, covering the night sky with
magnificent displays of colourful splendour. 
ball, d ra go n-a nd-p hoe nix, a t reasure bo x, grass-and-flower, a nd a
peony p la nt. The des igne rs, e mp lo ying tec hniq ues o f t rad it io na l “ fine
brus hwork”, ga ve t he p ict ures a dazzling b rillia nce a nd bro ught t he m
to life.
                        Text 2. Firecrackers (Bianpao)
       The sound o f firecrackers is a distinct ive feat ure o n C hines e
fest iva ls a nd jo yo us pe rso na l occa sio ns. Firec rackers are called b y
vario us na mes at diffe re nt t imes a nd in d iffe re nt parts o f t he co untry.
At t he ve ry be ginning, cracke rs we re used to scare awa y w ild beasts,
especia lly a le ge nda ry unicorn ca lled nian, w hic h appea red re gularl y
at t he e nd o f w inter o r be ginning o f sp ring, w reak ing great ha voc
a mo ng t he peop le. Tha t was lo ng before t he inve nt io n o f gunp owder,
and peop le b urnt d ry ba mboo st ick s to p rod uce t he e xp los ive so und.
So first crackers were calle d baozh u (crack ing ba mboo ), whic h is st ill
the na me in so me books.
       Inc ide nta lly, nia n, the na me o f t he a ni ma l w hic h appeared a t
early inte rva ls, ca me to mea n “ year”. And t he c usto m o f lett ing o ff
firecrackers at t he New Yea r has beco me deep-rooted in a ll pa rts o f
the co untry. The be ginning o f t he custo m ca n be traced in w ritte n
histo ry at least 2,000 years ago.
       Whe n t he gunp owder was inve nted in C hina, it was used to fill i n
ba mboo t ubes a nd, whe n ligh ted, prod uced lo ud e xp los io ns.
Firecrackers ca me to be ca lle d baoz hang (e xp lod ing st icks), a na me is
still used in ce rta in re gio ns. Acc ord ing t o t he So ng D ynast y work
Origins of Thin gs t he first scie nt is t who used gunpowde r in cracke rs
was Mao Jun o f t he perio d o f t he Three Kingdo ms (22 0-265 ), w hic h
puts the ir beginnin g at 1,700 years ago.
       Baozhang led to t he earliest crackers of gunp owder ro lled i n
paper, w hic h co uld give o ut single e xp los io n o nly. The d o ub le-ba n g
ertijiao a nd stringed firecracke rs bianpao ca me as late r inno vat io ns.
The “ doub le-ba ng” is a t ight paper ro ll co mposed o f two po wder-fille d
cha mbe rs; t he first e xp los io n b ursts the bo tto m c ha mber a nd se nds t he
cracker up into t he a ir a nd t he n t he second e xp lodes, mak ing a lo ud
and far-reac hing repo rt.           Modern t imes ha ve w it nessed furt he r
i mpro ve me nts o f t he trad it io na l firecrackers.       Co lo ur-lu minesce nt
che mica ls are added into gunpowde r, and t he firewo rk s he lls fired up
by ca nno ns e xp lode high in t he air, covering t he night sky w it h
ma gnifice nt disp la ys o f co lo urful sp le nd o ur.



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