Теория и практика перевода. Терехова Г.В. - 89 стр.

receptions from their initial users, many of whom are children. David Canfield Smith
and Allen Cypher`s Stagecast Creator, which evolved from Apple Computers`s
Cocoa and KidSim, brings rule-based PBE to a graphical grid world. And Ken
Kahn’s Toon Talk, a programming system that is simultaneously a video game, uses
a radically different programming model, as well as radically different user interface.
Toon Talk solves the problem of generalizing examples in a simple, almost obvious
way –by removing detail. The program is less specialized and therefore more
applicable in a wider range of situations.
        We also analyze PBE`s user requirements, examples of functioning PBE
systems, and directions for the future of PBE that hopefully all demonstrate the
power and potential of this innovative technology.
        One way PBE departs from conventional software is how it applies new
techniques from AI and machine learning. Incorporating these techniques represents a
tremendous opportunity for PBE but incurs the risk that the system will make
unwanted generalizations.
        We can’t convince people about PBE`s innate value unless we offer at least
some good examples of how PBE is being used in specific application areas. For
example, some researchers unite PBE and the Web – everybody’s favorite application
area today. The Web is a great focus for PBE because of its accessibility to a wealth
of knowledge, along with the pressing need foe helping users organize, retrieve, and
browse it all. Recent developments in intelligent agents can help- but only if users are
able to communicate their requirements to and control the behavior of their agents.
PBE is ideal. PBE can also be used to automate many other common but mundane
tasks that under conventional circumstances consume a frustratingly large fraction of
programmers` and users` time.
        SO, you may ask, if PBE is so great, how come everybody isn’t using it? PBE
represents a radical departure from what we now know as programming; it can’t help
but take a while before it becomes widespread, despite the existence of many systems
demonstrating its feasibility and value in improving applications in a variety of
domains. The conservatism of the programming community is the biggest obstacle to
widespread PBE use.
        Repenning and Perrone show how to make PBE more like human learning by
using analogy-an important intuitive cognitive mechanism. We often explain new
examples by way of analogy with things we already know, allowing us to transfer and
reuse old knowledge. They show how we can use analogy mechanisms to edit PBE
programs, as well as to create such programs from scratch.
        Finally, the researchers explore what at first might seem a crazy approach. We
have the computer simulate the users’ visual system in interpreting images on the
screen, rather than accessing the underlying data. Though it may seem inefficient, this
approach neatly sidesteps one of PBE`s thorniest problems-coexistence with
conventional applications. It enables what we call “visual generalization”, or
generalizing applications on how things appear to users on the screen, as well as on
the properties of the data.
        PBE is one of the few technologies with the potential for breaking down the
Berlin Wall that has always separated programmers from users. It allows users to
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