Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 113 стр.

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relationship: semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics – Searle), pragmaticism

(semantics inside pragmatics – Austin) and complementarism (semantics and

pragmatics complement each other, but are otherwise independent areas of

research – Leech).

2. Indirect Meaning of the Utterance

When there is a mismatch between the expressed meaning and the implied

meaning we deal with indirectness. Indirectness is a universal phenomenon: it

occurs in all natural languages.

There can be three types of indirect meanings conveyed by a sentence:

presupposition, implication and reference.

Presupposition

Presupposition is defined as an indirect proposition that can be inferred

from the sentence.

The notion of presupposition has been borrowed from mathematical logic,

according to which sentence S presupposes sentence S’ if sentence S’ can be

inferred from sentence S and negating sentence S does not affect inferability of S’.

Sentence S’ must be true, otherwise sentence S cannot be true.

e.g. John knows that Mary got married. John does not know that Mary got

married.

presupposition: Mary got married.

Do you want to do it again?

presupposition: You have done it already, at least once.

My wife is pregnant.

presupposition: The speaker has a wife.

In linguistics, presupposition is a background belief, relating to an utterance,

that must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the

utterance to be considered appropriate in context and will generally remain a

necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion,

denial, or question. Presupposition has to do with informational status. The