Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 118 стр.

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Commissives – here the speaker commits himself (or herself) to a (future)

course of action, with verbs such as: guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow,

undertake.

Expressives – the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs,

using such verbs as: apologize, appreciate, congratulate, deplore, detest, regret,

thank, welcome.

Declarations – the speaker alters the external status or condition of an

object or situation, solely by making the utterance: I now pronounce you man and

wife, I sentence you to be hanged by the neck until you be dead, I name this ship...

Other scholars identify more pragmatic types of sentences. They include

constatives, promisives, menacives, requestives, injunctives, offertives,

permissives, prohibitives, and quesitives.

Constatives are statements about something. They are always assertions,

never questions or inducements. e.g. This is my cat.

Promisives are sentences containing a promise. Just like constatives, they

are always declarative. e.g. We’ll get you a new book.

The same is true for menacives – sentences containing a threat. e.g. You’ll

be sorry.

Directives induce the addressee to some action. e.g. Open the door. Come

here.

Two types of directives are usually differentiated: requestives – sentences

containing a request, and injunctives – sentences containing an order.

Cf. Please help me with this suitcase. Get out of here!

Offertives are sentences containing an offer. e.g. Have a cigarette.

Permissives are sentences containing a permission or asking for a

permission.

e.g. You may take this apple.

Prohibitives contain prohibition. e.g. You are not allowed to go outside

after 10 p.m.

Quesitives are sentences containing a question. e.g. What’s your name?