Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 117 стр.

UptoLike

Составители:

Рубрика:

117

Lecture 16

Speech Acts Theory

1. Speech acts theory. Classification of speech acts.

2. Pragmatic transposition of sentences.

1. Speech acts theory. Classification of speech acts

For much of the history of linguistics

and the philosophy of language,

language was viewed primarily as a way of making factual assertions, and the

other uses of language tended to be ignored. However, the acclaimed work of the

philosopher J. L. Austin

(1911-1960) led philosophers to pay more attention to the

way in which language is used in everyday activities. J.L. Austin claims that many

utterances (things people say) are equivalent to actions. When someone says: “I

name this ship” or “I now pronounce you man and wife”, the utterance creates a

new social or psychological reality. Speech acts theory broadly explains these

utterances as having three parts or aspects: locutionary, illocutionary and

perlocutionary acts.

Locutionary acts are simply the speech acts that have taken place.

Illocutionary acts are the real actions which are performed by the utterance,

where saying equals doing, as in betting, plighting one’s troth, welcoming and

warning.

Perlocutionary acts are the effects of the utterance on the listener, who

accepts the bet or pledge of marriage, is welcomed or warned.

Some linguists have attempted to classify illocutionary acts into a number of

categories or types. David Crystal

, quoting J.R. Searle, gives five such categories:

representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.

Representatives – here the speaker asserts a proposition to be true, using

such verbs as: affirm, believe, conclude, deny, report.

Directives – here the speaker tries to make the hearer do something, with

such words as: ask, beg, challenge, command, dare, invite, insist, request.