Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 55 стр.

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The gerund has the following syntactic features of the verb: it can function

as part of the verbal predicate (e.g. If he stops working, he will die); it can be

followed by an object (e.g. I remember locking the door) and an adverbial modifier

(e.g. He avoids driving fast).

The nounal features of the gerund

. Similar to the noun, the gerund can be

modified by a noun in the genitive case or in the common case, which, when

pronominalized, turn into the possessive and objective forms, respectively:

She did nothing to encourage John’s going abroad.

She did nothing to encourage John going abroad. vs.

She did nothing to encourage his going abroad.

She did nothing to encourage him going abroad.

The standard form is the form with the noun in the genitive case or with the

possessive pronoun. The other form is more common in spoken English. The

gerund in the latter construction is traditionally called the half-gerund.

Unlike the noun, the gerund cannot be used in the plural; it cannot be

preceded by the article (or its substitute); it cannot be determined by the adjective.

Like the noun, the gerund can be used as the subject, the object, the

predicative, and the attribute.

Participle

The participle is a term applied to adjectival forms of verbs. There are two

types of participle: the present participle and the past participle.

Participle I

The present participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the

properties of the verb with those of the adjective and adverb, serving as the

qualifying-processual name. In its outer form the present participle is wholly

homonymous with the gerund, ending in the suffix -ing and distinguishing the

same grammatical categories of temporal correlation and voice. Both forms denote

a process – the present participle (or the past participle) denotes a qualifying

process while the gerund denotes a substantival process.