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phrase can be a sentence or a part of a sentence while the sentence can be realized
as a phrase, a group of interconnected phrases and a separate word.
2. Types of phrases
Linguists discuss different classifications of phrases, all of them having their
own advantages.
The traditional classification of phrases is based on the part of speech
status of the phrase constituents, therefore nounal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, etc.
phrases are singled out.
Phrases can also be classified according to the nominative value of their
constituents. According to Prof. Blokh,
syntagmatic groupings of notional words
alone, syntagmatic groupings of notional words with functional words, and
syntagmatic groupings of functional words alone should be differentiated,
therefore three major types are identified: notional, formative and functional.
According to the theory worked out by the American linguist L.
Bloomfield, phrases can be classified into two groups: endocentric and
exocentric. The former include phrases one or any constituent part of which can
function in a broader structure as the whole group.
Eg. Red flower – He gave me a red flower. He gave me a flower.
Flowers and chocolate. – He gave me flowers. He gave me chocolate.
As for exocentric structures, according to Bloomfield, none of their
constituent parts can replace the whole group in a broader structure.
Eg. He gave, to the girl.
Endocentric structures
are further divided into subordinate (red flower) and
coordinate (flowers and chocolate). Exocentric structures
are divided into
predicative (He gave) and prepositional (to the girl). Bloomfield’s classification
was further developed by his followers. It was made more detailed. Some new
types of phrases were singled out. A significant drawback of this scheme is that it
is not based on a single principle applied at every stage of the classification to all
discriminated types of structures.
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