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Redwood oil viscosity 
sealed system 
skirting heater  
storage heater 
supervisor 
thermal storage  
turbulence 
underfloor heating  
wall-flame, vaporizing and pressure jet burners  
warm-air system 
water flow rate 
water velocity 
Heating equipment 
A wide variety of heating equipment is available that can heat the occu-
pied space either directly by combustion of a fuel or indirectly by utilizing air, 
water or steam as a heat transfer fluid. The cost of electricity reflects the com-
plexity of its production and distribution, but from the user's point of view it is a 
refined source of energy, which can be converted with 100% efficiency. Elec-
trical energy purchased at night can be used to heat water, concrete or cast iron 
in insulated containers. This stored heat is released when needed. 
An economic balance is sought between capital and running costs for 
each application, bearing in mind the building's use. Automatic controls can 
monitor water and air temperatures, operational times and weather conditions to 
minimize fuel and electricity consumption. In order to take maximum advan-
tage of a building's thermal storage capacity, optimum-start controllers are used 
to vary start and stop times for systems that are used intermittently. Computer 
control is employed in large buildings, where the capital cost can be offset by 
reduced energy consumption and personnel savings. 
Radiators 
Heat emitters providing radiation come into this group. A steel single-
panel radiator emits about 15% of its total heat output by radiation and the re-
mainder by convection. Radiant output from multiple panel and column types 
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