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45
Redwood oil viscosity
sealed system
skirting heater
storage heater
supervisor
thermal storage
turbulence
underfloor heating
wall-flame, vaporizing and pressure jet burners
warm-air system
water flow rate
water velocity
Heating equipment
A wide variety of heating equipment is available that can heat the occu-
pied space either directly by combustion of a fuel or indirectly by utilizing air,
water or steam as a heat transfer fluid. The cost of electricity reflects the com-
plexity of its production and distribution, but from the user's point of view it is a
refined source of energy, which can be converted with 100% efficiency. Elec-
trical energy purchased at night can be used to heat water, concrete or cast iron
in insulated containers. This stored heat is released when needed.
An economic balance is sought between capital and running costs for
each application, bearing in mind the building's use. Automatic controls can
monitor water and air temperatures, operational times and weather conditions to
minimize fuel and electricity consumption. In order to take maximum advan-
tage of a building's thermal storage capacity, optimum-start controllers are used
to vary start and stop times for systems that are used intermittently. Computer
control is employed in large buildings, where the capital cost can be offset by
reduced energy consumption and personnel savings.
Radiators
Heat emitters providing radiation come into this group. A steel single-
panel radiator emits about 15% of its total heat output by radiation and the re-
mainder by convection. Radiant output from multiple panel and column types
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